{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:38:43Z","timestamp":1789141123873,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are T lymphocytes that have acquired, in vitro, following extensive manipulation by Interferon gamma (IFN-\u03b3), OKT3 and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) addition, the expression of several Natural Killer (NK) cell-surface markers. CIK cells have a dual \u201cnature\u201d, due to the presence of functional TCR as well as NK molecules, even if the antitumoral activity can be traced back only to the NK-like structures (DNAM-1, NKG2D, NKp30 and CD56). In addition to antineoplastic activity in vitro and in several in-vivo models, CIK cells show very limited, if any, GvHD toxicity as well as a strong intratumoral homing. For all such reasons, CIK cells have been proposed and tested in many clinical trials in cancer patients both in autologous and allogeneic combinations, up to haploidentical mismatching. Indeed, genetic modification of CIK cells as well as the possibility of combining them with specific monoclonal antibodies will further expand the possibility of their clinical utilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T12:25:49Z","timestamp":1516883149000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Innovative Clinical Perspectives for CIK Cells in Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Martino","family":"Introna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USS Center of Cell Therapy \u201cG. Lanzani\u201d, USC Ematologia, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, 24124 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Correnti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USS Center of Cell Therapy \u201cG. Lanzani\u201d, USC Ematologia, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, 24124 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90087-N","article-title":"The developmental relationship between NK cells and T cells","volume":"13","author":"Lanier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.4.1687","article-title":"A novel population of expanded human CD3+CD56+ cells derived from T cells with potent in vivo antitumor activity in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"153","author":"Lu","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. 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