{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:02:45Z","timestamp":1780758165468,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used as a Zn supplement, because Zn plays a role in many cellular and immune functions but public concern about their potentially undesirable effects on the human body is growing. When NPs are added in food matrices, interactions between NPs and food components occur, which can affect biological systems. In this study, interactions between ZnO NPs and saccharides were investigated by measuring changes in hydrodynamic radius, zeta potential and solubility and by quantifying amounts of adsorbed saccharides on NPs; acacia honey, sugar mixtures (containing equivalent amounts of fructose, glucose, sucrose and maltose) and monosaccharide solutions were used as model compounds. Biological responses of NPs dispersed in different saccharides were also evaluated in human intestinal cells and rats in terms of cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intestinal transport and oral absorption. The results demonstrate that the hydrodynamic radii and zeta potentials of NPs were highly affected by saccharides. In addition, trace nutrients influenced NP\/saccharide interactions and interactive effects between saccharides on the interactions were found. NPs in all saccharides increased inhibition of cell proliferation and enhanced cellular uptake. Oral absorption of NPs was highly enhanced by 5% glucose, which is in-line with intestinal transport result. These findings show that ZnO NPs interact with saccharides and these interactions affects biological responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]],"date-time":"2018-02-06T14:31:17Z","timestamp":1517927477000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Effects of Interactions between ZnO Nanoparticles and Saccharides on Biological Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mi-Ran","family":"Go","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Food Science &amp; Technology, Department of Applied Food System, Seoul Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01797, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Food Science &amp; Technology, Department of Applied Food System, Seoul Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01797, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song-Hwa","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Food Science &amp; Technology, Department of Applied Food System, Seoul Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01797, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyeon-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Food Science &amp; Technology, Department of Applied Food System, Seoul Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01797, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Jin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Food Science &amp; Technology, Department of Applied Food System, Seoul Women\u2019s University, Seoul 01797, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ica.2005.12.057","article-title":"Inorganic and organic UV filters: Their role and efficacy in sunscreens and suncare product","volume":"360","author":"Serpone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inorg. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-012-0797-6","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and food packaging applications","volume":"5","author":"Espitia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.865147","article-title":"Synthesis, antibacterial activity, antibacterial mechanism and food applications of ZnO nanoparticles: A review","volume":"31","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(91)90230-J","article-title":"Enhancement of re-epithelialization with topical zinc oxide in porcine partial-thickness wounds","volume":"50","author":"Agren","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.83122762x","article-title":"Effects of dietary zinc and iron supplementation on mineral excretion, body composition, and mineral status of nursery pigs","volume":"83","author":"Rincker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-008-0003-8","article-title":"Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: A single approach for multiple diseases","volume":"56","author":"Overbeck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2012.663443","article-title":"Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut","volume":"35","author":"Prasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-014-0052-2","article-title":"Effects of dietary zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and antioxidative status in broilers","volume":"160","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901398","article-title":"Evaluation of silver nanoparticle toxicity in skin in vivo and keratinocytes in vitro","volume":"118","author":"Samberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1021\/es102624t","article-title":"Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles to Escherichia coli: Mechanism and the influence of medium components","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb20251h","article-title":"A comprehensive in vitro and in vivo study of ZnO nanoparticles toxicity","volume":"1","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11416","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr02140h","article-title":"Modulation of the pharmacokinetics of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their fates in vivo","volume":"5","author":"Paek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-016-0033-y","article-title":"Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle dispersants on cytotoxicity and cellular uptake","volume":"12","author":"Jo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.08.023","article-title":"Systematic investigation on the interaction of bovine serum albumin with ZnO nanoparticles using fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"102","author":"Bhogale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.01.007","article-title":"Fibrinogen adsorption on zinc oxide nanoparticles: A micro-differential scanning calorimetry analysis","volume":"395","author":"Lousinian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.10.058","article-title":"Interaction of cytochrome c with zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"103","author":"Simsikova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.07.023","article-title":"Consideration of interaction between nanoparticles and food components for the safety assessment of nanoparticles following oral exposure: A review","volume":"46","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15333","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR05480F","article-title":"A combined toxicity study of zinc oxide nanoparticles and vitamin C in food additives","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go, M.R., Bae, S.H., Kim, H.J., Yu, J., and Choi, S.J. (2017). Interactions between food additive silica nanoparticles and food matrices. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01013"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, M.R., Yu, J., Kim, H.J., Song, J.H., Kim, K.M., Oh, J.M., and Choi, S.J. (2016). Titanium dioxide nanoparticle-biomolecule interactions influence oral absorption. Nanomaterials, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano6120225"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.11.001","article-title":"Biokinetics of food additive silica nanoparticles and their interactions with food components","volume":"150","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Kim, H.J., Go, M.R., Bae, S.H., and Choi, S.J. (2017). ZnO interactions with biomatrices: Effect of particle size on ZnO-protein corona. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7110377"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2009.03.025","article-title":"Characterization of ZnO nanoparticle suspension in water: Effectiveness of ultrasonic dispersion","volume":"194","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cc37871c","article-title":"Serum albumin enhances the membrane activity of ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"49","author":"Churchman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-015-1158-y","article-title":"Serum proteins enhance dispersion stability and influence the cytotoxicity and dosimetry of ZnO nanoparticles in suspension and adherent cancer cell models","volume":"10","author":"Anders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(01)00393-4","article-title":"Rheology of alumina\u2013nanoparticle suspensions: Effects of lower saccharides and sugar alcohols","volume":"22","author":"Schilling","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2005.00339.x","article-title":"Role of bound water on the viscosity of nanometric alumina suspensions","volume":"88","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.03.003","article-title":"Application of monosaccharides derivatives in colloidal processing of aluminum oxide","volume":"30","author":"Falkowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2011.11.048","article-title":"Alumina porous nanomaterials obtained by colloidal processing using D-fructose as dispersant and porosity promoter","volume":"38","author":"Montero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buford, M.C., Hamilton, R.F., and Holian, A. (2007). A comparison of dispersing media for various engineered carbon nanoparticles. Part. Fibre Toxicol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-4-6"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bihari, P., Vippola, M., Schultes, S., Praetner, M., Khandoga, A.G., Reichel, C.A., Coester, C., Tuomi, T., Rehberg, M., and Krombach, F. (2008). Optimized dispersion of nanoparticles for biological in vitro and in vivo studies. Part. Fibre Toxicol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-5-14"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2009.08.049","article-title":"Characterisation of the de-agglomeration effects of bovine serum albumin on nanoparticles in aqueous suspension","volume":"75","author":"Tantra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, D.M., Varet, J., Johnston, H., Chrystie, A., and Stone, V. (2015). Silica nanoparticles and biological dispersants: Genotoxic effects on A549 lung epithelial cells. J. Nanopart. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-015-3210-3"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.07.034","article-title":"Interaction of colloidal zinc oxide nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin and its adsorption isotherms and kinetics","volume":"102","author":"Sasidharan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6580","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.12350","article-title":"Bioavailability of silica, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles in rats","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"2237","article-title":"The fate of calcium carbonate nanoparticles administered by oral route: Absorption and their interaction with biological matrices","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2017.05.010","article-title":"Physicochemical and colloidal aspects of food matrix effects on gastrointestinal fate of ingested inorganic nanoparticles","volume":"246","author":"McClements","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm240","article-title":"Characterization of nanomaterial dispersion in solution prior to in vitro exposure using dynamic light scattering technique","volume":"101","author":"Murdock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7309","DOI":"10.1021\/es100417s","article-title":"Dispersion and stability optimization of TiO2 nanoparticles in cell culture media","volume":"44","author":"Ji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-011-0723-0","article-title":"Evaluation of biocompatible dispersants for carbon nanotube toxicity tests","volume":"85","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4346","DOI":"10.1021\/la204740t","article-title":"Insight into serum protein interactions with functionalized magnetic nanoparticles in biological media","volume":"28","author":"Wiogo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1166\/nnl.2014.1806","article-title":"Synthesis of uniform platinum nanoparticles using glucose as dispersant","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanosci. Nanotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2006.12.006","article-title":"An improved in vitro model of human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium to study nanoparticle transport by M cells","volume":"30","author":"Fievez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/2\/486\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:53:59Z","timestamp":1760194439000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/2\/486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19020486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19020486","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,6]]}}}