{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:46:42Z","timestamp":1787028402688,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]],"date-time":"2018-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017R1D1A1B03035765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1D1A1B03035765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, gastric ulcer is a vital health hazard for a human. Rabdosia inflexa (RI) has been used in traditional medicine for inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect and related molecular mechanism of RI using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 246.7 cells and HCl\/EtOH-induced gastric ulcer in mice. We applied 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), histopathology, malondialdehyde (MDA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blot analyses to evaluate the protective role of RI. Study revealed that RI effectively attenuated LPS-promoted NO and ROS production in RAW 246.7 cells. In addition, RI mitigated gastric oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, elevating NO, and decreasing gastric inflammation. RI significantly halted elevated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in gastric tissue. Likewise, RI markedly attenuated the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) phosphorylation, COX-2 expression, phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor kappa B (I\u03baB\u03b1) and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB). Thus, experimental findings suggested that the anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities of RI might contribute to regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T03:54:22Z","timestamp":1519098862000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Gastroprotective Roles of Rabdosia inflexa through Downregulation of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and MAPK\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Md Rashedunnabi","family":"Akanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Shik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongchoon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Tae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4229-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon-Hwa","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Kil","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyunghwa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism","volume":"34","author":"Rehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. 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