{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T02:55:13Z","timestamp":1785293713301,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in articular cartilage during the aging process are a stage of natural changes in the human body. Old age is the major risk factor for osteoarthritis but the disease does not have to be an inevitable consequence of aging. Chondrocytes are particularly prone to developing age-related changes. Changes in articular cartilage that take place in the course of aging include the acquisition of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype by chondrocytes, a decrease in the sensitivity of chondrocytes to growth factors, a destructive effect of chronic production of reactive oxygen species and the accumulation of the glycation end products. All of these factors affect the mechanical properties of articular cartilage. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms in the process of articular cartilage aging may help to create new therapies aimed at slowing or inhibiting age-related modifications of articular cartilage. This paper presents the causes and consequences of cellular aging of chondrocytes and the biological therapeutic outlook for the regeneration of age-related changes of articular cartilage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]],"date-time":"2018-02-22T12:04:42Z","timestamp":1519301082000},"page":"623","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Articular Cartilage Aging-Potential Regenerative Capacities of Cell Manipulation and Stem Cell Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7857-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krajewska-W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Municipal Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8660-4889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Owczarczyk-Saczonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Placek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0544-5653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Osowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0856-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Wojtkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-900 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60243-2","article-title":"Osteoarthritis: An update with relevance for clinical practice","volume":"377","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1089\/1549168041552964","article-title":"Aging theories of primary osteoarthritis: From epidemiology to molecular biology","volume":"7","author":"Aigner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rejuvenation Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200300002-00014","article-title":"The role of chondrocyte senescence in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and in limiting cartilage repair","volume":"85","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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