{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:25:26Z","timestamp":1790227526684,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteosarcoma (OS) is suspected to originate from dysfunctional mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells (MSC). We sought to identify OS-derived cells (OSDC) with potential cancer stem cell (CSC) properties by comparing OSDC to MSC derived from bone marrow of patients. This study included in vitro characterization with sphere forming assays, differentiation assays, cytogenetic analysis, and in vivo investigations of their tumorigenicity and tumor supportive capacities. Primary cell lines were isolated from nine high-grade OS samples. All primary cell lines demonstrated stromal cell characteristics. Compared to MSC, OSDC presented a higher ability to form sphere clones, indicating a potential CSC phenotype, and were more efficient at differentiation towards osteoblasts. None of the OSDC displayed the complex chromosome rearrangements typical of high grade OS and none of them induced tumors in immunodeficient mice. However, two OSDC demonstrated focused genomic abnormalities. Three out of seven, and six out of seven OSDC showed a supportive role on local tumor development, and on metastatic progression to the lungs, respectively, when co-injected with OS cells in nude mice. The observation of OS-associated stromal cells with rare genetic abnormalities and with the capacity to sustain tumor progression may have implications for future tumor treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T12:15:44Z","timestamp":1519906544000},"page":"707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Comparison of Tumor- and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal\/Stem Cells from Patients with High-Grade Osteosarcoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Louis-Rom\u00e9e","family":"Le Nail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier R\u00e9gional Universitaire de Tours, Service de Chirurgie Orthop\u00e9dique 2, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Tours, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37044 CEDEX 9 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meadhbh","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"},{"name":"Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Rosset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier R\u00e9gional Universitaire de Tours, Service de Chirurgie Orthop\u00e9dique 2, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Tours, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37044 CEDEX 9 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Deschaseaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STROMA Lab, INSERM U1031, Etablissement Fran\u00e7ais du Sang Occitanie, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, 31432 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Piloquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique M\u00e9dicale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Nantes, 44034 CEDEX 1 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Pichon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique M\u00e9dicale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Nantes, 44034 CEDEX 1 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Le Caignec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Service de G\u00e9n\u00e9tique M\u00e9dicale, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Nantes, 44034 CEDEX 1 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Crenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Service de Chirurgie Orthop\u00e9dique, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Nantes, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, 44034 CEDEX 1 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9800-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Layrolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7419-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"H\u00e9rault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier R\u00e9gional Universitaire de Tours, Service d\u2019H\u00e9matologie Biologique, 37044 CEDEX 9 Tours, France"},{"name":"National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) GDR 3697, 75020 Paris, France"},{"name":"National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) ERL 7001 LNOx, 37032 CEDEX 1 Tours, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37044 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzague","family":"De Pinieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"},{"name":"Centre Hospitalier R\u00e9gional Universitaire de Tours, H\u00f4pital Trousseau, Service d\u2019Anatomie Pathologique, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Tours, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37044 CEDEX 9 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4183-9032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Trichet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9tude des sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifi\u00e9s, INSERM UMR 1238, Universit\u00e9 de Nantes, PhyOS, 44034 Nantes CEDEX 1, France"},{"name":"National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) GDR 3697, 75020 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<203::AID-CNCR2820751308>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Bone cancers","volume":"75","author":"Dorfman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Fletcher, C.D.M., Bridge, J.A., Hogendoorn, P.C.W., and Mertens, F. (2013). Conventional osteosarcoma. WHO Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0284-9_1","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteosarcoma","volume":"152","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21263","article-title":"Metastatic osteosarcoma at diagnosis: Prognostic factors and long-term outcome\u2014The French pediatric experience","volume":"104","author":"Mialou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.05.030","article-title":"Chemotherapeutic adjuvant treatment for osteosarcoma: Where do we stand?","volume":"47","author":"Anninga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2006.05.005","article-title":"Primary bone osteosarcoma in the pediatric age: State of the art","volume":"32","author":"Longhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0b013e328122d73f","article-title":"Adjuvant and neoadjuvant combination chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma","volume":"19","author":"Ferrari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704872","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/704872","article-title":"A meta-analysis of osteosarcoma outcomes in the modern medical era","volume":"2012","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sarcoma"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)00162-5","article-title":"Survival of European adolescents and young adults diagnosed with cancer in 2000\u201307: Population-based data from EUROCARE-5","volume":"17","author":"Trama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-196749010-00008","article-title":"Osteogenic sarcoma. A study of six hundred cases","volume":"49","author":"Dahlin","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627254","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/627254","article-title":"The Genetics of Osteosarcoma","volume":"2012","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sarcoma"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-007-9075-8","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of OS 99-1, a cell line derived from a highly aggressive primary human osteosarcoma","volume":"44","author":"Gillette","year":"2008","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25697","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells from primary osteosarcoma are non-malignant and strikingly similar to their bone marrow counterparts","volume":"129","author":"Brune","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907293410507","article-title":"Common musculoskeletal tumors of childhood and adolescence","volume":"341","author":"Arndt","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.229","article-title":"MDM2 and CDK4 immunohistochemistry is a valuable tool in the differential diagnosis of low-grade osteosarcomas and other primary fibro-osseous lesions of the bone","volume":"24","author":"Dujardin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3352","article-title":"Chromothripsis and cancer: Causes and consequences of chromosome shattering","volume":"12","author":"Forment","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.05.028","article-title":"Perspectives on cancer stem cells in osteosarcoma","volume":"338","author":"Basilico","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631764","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3631764","article-title":"Osteosarcoma: Cells-of-Origin, Cancer Stem Cells, and Targeted Therapies","volume":"2016","author":"Abarrategi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605405","article-title":"Profiling of high-grade central osteosarcoma and its putative progenitor cells identifies tumourigenic pathways","volume":"101","author":"Anninga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00878.x","article-title":"Bone regeneration: The stem\/progenitor cells point of view","volume":"14","author":"Deschaseaux","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-3329-3-10","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell transformation and sarcoma genesis","volume":"3","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Sarcoma Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0226","article-title":"Generation of Osteosarcomas from a Combination of Rb Silencing and c-Myc Overexpression in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9535","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-4837-0","article-title":"Cancer stem cell markers in pediatric sarcomas: Sox2 is associated with tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice","volume":"37","author":"Skoda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.05394","article-title":"Stem-Like Cells in Bone Sarcomas: Implications for Tumorigenesis","volume":"7","author":"Gibbs","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4602","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-3463","article-title":"CD117 and Stro-1 Identify Osteosarcoma Tumor-Initiating Cells Associated with Metastasis and Drug Resistance","volume":"70","author":"Adhikari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchsbaum, R.J., and Oh, S.Y. (2016). Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Cancers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers8020019"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240600855905","article-title":"Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement","volume":"8","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-05-1278","article-title":"The accumulation of specific amplifications characterizes two different genomic pathways of evolution of familial breast tumors","volume":"11","author":"Melchor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900036","article-title":"Application of comparative genomic hybridization, spectral karyotyping, and microarray analysis in the identification of subtype-specific patterns of genomic changes in rhabdomyosarcoma","volume":"1","author":"Pandita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.06.026","article-title":"The ERCC1 and ERCC4 (XPF) genes and gene products","volume":"569","author":"Manandhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10333-x","article-title":"Germline Mutations in Cancer Predisposition Genes are Frequent in Sporadic Sarcomas","volume":"7","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.10132","article-title":"Spectral karyotyping identifies recurrent complex rearrangements of chromosomes 8, 17, and 20 in osteosarcomas","volume":"36","author":"Bayani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes. Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbo.2015.11.002","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells increase proliferation but do not change quiescent state of osteosarcoma cells: Potential implications according to the tumor resection status","volume":"5","author":"Avril","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bone Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2009.89","article-title":"Advantages of bioluminescence imaging to follow siRNA or chemotherapeutic treatments in osteosarcoma preclinical models","volume":"17","author":"Rousseau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrot, P., Rousseau, J., Bouffaut, A.-L., R\u00e9dini, F., Cassagnau, E., Deschaseaux, F., Heymann, M.-F., Heymann, D., Duteille, F., and Trichet, V. (2010). Safety Concern between Autologous Fat Graft, Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Osteosarcoma Recurrence. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010999"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brull\u00e9, L., Vandamme, M., Ri\u00e8s, D., Martel, E., Robert, E., Lerondel, S., Trichet, V., Richard, S., Pouvesle, J.-M., and Le Pape, A. (2012). Effects of a Non Thermal Plasma Treatment Alone or in Combination with Gemcitabine in a MIA PaCa2-luc Orthotopic Pancreatic Carcinoma Model. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052653"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(02)00037-0","article-title":"Does the histological subtype of high-grade central osteosarcoma influence the response to treatment with chemotherapy and does it affect overall survival? A study on 570 patients of two consecutive trials of the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup","volume":"38","author":"Hauben","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.12.1.11","article-title":"Human interferon: Mass production in a newly established cell line, MG-63","volume":"12","author":"Billiau","year":"1977","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23367","article-title":"ERCC4 variants identified in a cohort of patients with segmental progeroid syndromes","volume":"39","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8940","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9940","article-title":"Exome sequencing of osteosarcoma reveals mutation signatures reminiscent of BRCA deficiency","volume":"6","author":"Kovac","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11547","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1934852100","article-title":"The presence of p53 mutations in human osteosarcomas correlates with high levels of genomic instability","volume":"100","author":"Overholtzer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirabello, L., Rao, P.H., Favis, R., Lu, X.-Y., Elowitz, M.B., Barany, F., Ladanyi, M., Gorlick, R., and Levine, A.J. (2015). Germline TP53 variants and susceptibility to osteosarcoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 107.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv101"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2539","article-title":"Low-Dose Pesticide Mixture Induces Senescence in Normal Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) and Promotes Tumorigenic Phenotype in Premalignant MSC","volume":"35","author":"Hochane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1388","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 Synergistically Induce Mesenchymal Stem Cell Impairment and Tumorigenesis via NF\u03baB Signaling","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/256751a0","article-title":"Transformation of human cells in culture by N-methyl-N\u2032-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine","volume":"256","author":"Rhim","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-011-9155-5","article-title":"Cancer stem cell hypotheses: Impact on modern molecular physiology and pharmacology research","volume":"36","author":"Pantic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt504","article-title":"Pre-clinical studies of bone regeneration with human bone marrow stromal cells and biphasic calcium phosphate","volume":"5","author":"Brennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29709","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells regulate melanoma cancer cells extravasation to bone and liver at their perivascular niche: MSC\/pericytes regulate bone and liver melanoma invasion","volume":"138","author":"Correa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.17-0051","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Time to Change the Name! Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"6","author":"Caplan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2009.02.022","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) target osteosarcoma and promote its growth and pulmonary metastasis","volume":"281","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spaeth, E.L., Dembinski, J.L., Sasser, A.K., Watson, K., Klopp, A., Hall, B., Andreeff, M., and Marini, F. (2009). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transition to Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts Contributes to Fibrovascular Network Expansion and Tumor Progression. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004992"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2741\/3613","article-title":"Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Xing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-343467","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia patients have distinct genetic abnormalities compared with leukemic blasts","volume":"118","author":"Blau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1013","article-title":"Frequent somatic mutations in PTEN and TP53 are mutually exclusive in the stroma of breast carcinomas","volume":"32","author":"Kurose","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309169","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/309169","article-title":"The Effect of Age on Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation Potential of Human Adipose Derived Stromal Stem Cells (hASCs) and the Impact of Stress Factors in the Course of the Differentiation Process","volume":"2015","author":"Kornicka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1331193","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1331193","article-title":"CD163-positive tumor-associated macrophages and CD8-positive cytotoxic lymphocytes are powerful diagnostic markers for the therapeutic stratification of osteosarcoma patients: An immunohistochemical analysis of the biopsies fromthe French OS2006 phase 3 trial","volume":"6","author":"Illac","year":"2017","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-011-9312-0","article-title":"Immunosuppressive Properties of Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"8","author":"Abumaree","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh299","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Precursors for Tumor Stroma and Targeted-Delivery Vehicles for Anticancer Agents","volume":"96","author":"Studeny","year":"2004","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6953","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7458","article-title":"High CCL5 expression is associated with osteosarcoma metastasis and poor prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2017.07.007","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) gene profiling in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients at diagnosis and in deep molecular response induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)","volume":"60","author":"Aggoune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/4\/045019","article-title":"3D cell culture and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells plated onto jet-sprayed or electrospun micro-fiber scaffolds","volume":"10","author":"Brennan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/3\/707\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:12Z","timestamp":1760194632000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/3\/707"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19030707"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19030707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]]}}}