{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:41:53Z","timestamp":1790757713388,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertrophic scars and keloids are fibroproliferative disorders that may arise after any deep cutaneous injury caused by trauma, burns, surgery, etc. Hypertrophic scars and keloids are cosmetically problematic, and in combination with functional problems such as contractures and subjective symptoms including pruritus, these significantly affect patients\u2019 quality of life. There have been many studies on hypertrophic scars and keloids; but the mechanisms underlying scar formation have not yet been well established, and prophylactic and treatment strategies remain unsatisfactory. In this review, the authors introduce and summarize classical concepts surrounding wound healing and review recent understandings of the biology, prevention and treatment strategies for hypertrophic scars and keloids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1519991620000},"page":"711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":437,"title":["Recent Understandings of Biology, Prophylaxis and Treatment Strategies for Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3973-3650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24253, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Sund, B. (2000). New Development in Wound Care, PJB Publications."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18030606","article-title":"Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars Are the Result of Chronic Inflammation in the Reticular Dermis","volume":"18","author":"Ogawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12432","article-title":"Current concepts related to hypertrophic scarring in burn injuries","volume":"24","author":"Chiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70576-4","article-title":"Hypertrophic scars, keloids, and contractures. The cellular and molecular basis for therapy","volume":"77","author":"Tredget","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4847","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607710113","article-title":"CCN1\/CYR61-mediated meticulous patrolling by Ly6Clow monocytes fuels vascular inflammation","volume":"113","author":"Imhof","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:28:2:147","article-title":"Wound-healing studies in transgenic and knockout mice","volume":"28","author":"Grose","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700786","article-title":"Keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions in wound healing","volume":"127","author":"Werner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41038-015-0026-4","article-title":"The molecular basis of hypertrophic scars","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i2.23","article-title":"Recombinant human endostatin reduces hypertrophic scar formation in rabbit ear model through down-regulation of VEGF and TIMP-1","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-4310(97)80541-2","article-title":"The molecular basis of keloid and hypertrophic scar formation","volume":"4","author":"Tuan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Today"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00180.x","article-title":"Keloid fibroblasts resist ceramide-induced apoptosis by overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor","volume":"115","author":"Ishihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.12.001","article-title":"Current progress in keloid research and treatment","volume":"206","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2009.05.014","article-title":"Pathophysiology and management of the burn scar","volume":"36","author":"Ladak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21037","article-title":"Role of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in wound repair in human vocal fold fibroblasts","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.9.6.1411","article-title":"Collagenase-3 induction in rat lung fibroblasts requires the combined effects of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and 12-lipoxygenase metabolites: A model of macrophage-induced, fibroblast driven extracellular matrix remodeling during inflammatory lung injury","volume":"9","author":"Mariani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090048","article-title":"Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human skin wound healing is induced by tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 through bone morphogenic protein-2","volume":"176","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00219.x","article-title":"Cellular and molecular pathology of HTS: Basis for treatment","volume":"15","author":"Armour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI741","article-title":"Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma","volume":"101","author":"Doucet","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1412","article-title":"Fibrotic disease and the Th1\/Th2 paradigm","volume":"4","author":"Wynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12739","article-title":"Suppressed inflammatory gene expression during human hypertrophic scar compared to normotrophic scar formation","volume":"24","author":"Gibbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04678.x","article-title":"Strategies for prevention of scars: What can we learn from fetal skin?","volume":"50","author":"Namazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2000.6868","article-title":"Fetal wound repair results in scar formation in interleukin-10-deficient mice in a syngeneic murine model of scarless fetal wound repair","volume":"35","author":"Liechty","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"216","article-title":"Studies of transforming growth factors \u03b2 1\u20133 and their receptors I and II in fibroblast of keloids and hypertrophic scars","volume":"85","author":"Bock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199943020-00013","article-title":"Expression of transforming growth factor \u03b2 1, 2, and 3 proteins in keloids","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1067-1927.2004.012507.x","article-title":"Complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions modulate transforming growth factor-\u03b2 expression in keloid-derived cells","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2005.03.032","article-title":"The temporal effects of anti-TGF-\u03b21, 2, and 3 monoclonal antibody on wound healing and hypertrophic scar formation","volume":"201","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06698.x","article-title":"Keloid-derived fibroblasts show increased secretion of factors involved in collagen turnover and depend on matrix metalloproteinase for migration","volume":"153","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00225.x","article-title":"Role of keratinocyte-fibroblast cross-talk in development of hypertrophic scar","volume":"15","author":"Ghahary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240530404","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of metalloproteinase gene expression","volume":"53","author":"Mauviel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.6.3071","article-title":"Differential regulation of monocyte matrix metalloproteinase and TIMP-1 production by TNF-\u03b1, granulocyte-macrophage CSF, and IL-1 \u03b2 through prostaglandin-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5482.1202","article-title":"Inflammation dampened by gelatinase A cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3","volume":"289","author":"McQuibban","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.4.1160.h81602001160_1160_1167","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase processing of monocyte chemoattractant proteins generates CC chemokine receptor antagonists with anti-inflammatory properties in vivo","volume":"100","author":"McQuibban","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.03.002","article-title":"Matrix remodeling by MMPs during wound repair","volume":"44","author":"Rohani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3695","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.11.3695","article-title":"The proteoglycan decorin binds C1q and inhibits the activity of the C1 complex","volume":"149","author":"Krumdieck","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0900417","article-title":"Chemical characterization and quantification of proteoglycans in human post-burn hypertrophic and mature scars","volume":"90","author":"Scott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.01.023","article-title":"Pivotal role for decorin in angiogenesis","volume":"43","author":"Jarvelainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.08.021","article-title":"Recombinant human decorin inhibits TGF-\u03b21-induced contraction of collagen lattice by hypertrophic scar fibroblasts","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"999","article-title":"Syndecan-2 and decorin: Proteoglycans with a difference\u2014Implications in keloid pathogenesis","volume":"68","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.316","article-title":"Oxygenation state as a driver of myofibroblast differentiation and wound contraction: Hypoxia impairs wound closure","volume":"130","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19791","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151119791","article-title":"Hypoxic signaling during tissue repair and regenerative medicine","volume":"15","author":"Nauta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/02844310410029552","article-title":"Inadequate blood supply persists in keloids","volume":"38","author":"Ueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199905000-00009","article-title":"Hypoxia upregulates VEGF production in keloid fibroblasts","volume":"42","author":"Steinbrech","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2816","article-title":"Hypoxia drives the transition of human dermal fibroblasts to a myofibroblast-like phenotype via the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 pathway","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.7.1239","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel protein, periostin, with restricted expression to periosteum and periodontal ligament and increased expression by transforming growth factor \u03b2","volume":"14","author":"Horiuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-010-0090-2","article-title":"Spatiotemporal expression of periostin during skin development and incisional wound healing: Lessons for human fibrotic scar formation","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12601","article-title":"Periostin induces fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast persistence in hypertrophic scarring","volume":"24","author":"Crawford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.087841","article-title":"Periostin modulates myofibroblast differentiation during full-thickness cutaneous wound repair","volume":"125","author":"Elliott","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1494-y","article-title":"The role of periostin in tissue remodeling across health and disease","volume":"71","author":"Conway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-009-0057-3","article-title":"Periostin localizes to cells in normal skin, but is associated with the extracellular matrix during wound repair","volume":"3","author":"Wen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1760","article-title":"Increased periostin expression affects the proliferation, collagen synthesis, migration and invasion of keloid fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2827","article-title":"Upregulated periostin promotes angiogenesis in keloids through activation of the ERK 1\/2 and focal adhesion kinase pathways, as well as the upregulated expression of VEGF and angiopoietin1","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.22","article-title":"miR-196a downregulation increases the expression of type I and III collagens in keloid fibroblasts","volume":"132","author":"Kashiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-011-9773-1","article-title":"miRNA expression profiles in keloid tissue and corresponding normal skin tissue","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthet. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2015.1020301","article-title":"miRNAs in inflammatory skin diseases and their clinical implications","volume":"11","author":"Lovendorf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524016666160429121345","article-title":"Serum miRNAs Signature Plays an Important Role in Keloid Disease","volume":"16","author":"Luan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.10.070","article-title":"Tumor suppressive role of miR-1224-5p in keloid proliferation, apoptosis and invasion via the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 signaling pathway","volume":"495","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.4238\/2014.April.14.2","article-title":"Keloid microRNA expression analysis and the influence of miR-199a-5p on the proliferation of keloid fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000577","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 affects proliferation and apoptosis by regulating expression of PTEN in human keloid fibroblasts","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-017-0294-8","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 in Skin Fibrosis: Potential for Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2016.09.013","article-title":"miR-21 promotes collagen production in keloid via Smad7","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32231","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32231","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21 promotes scar fibroblasts proliferation and transdifferentiation via up-regulating microRNA-21","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-011-1178-0","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a modulates TGF-\u03b21-induced phenotypic differentiation in human dermal fibroblasts by targeting SMAD4","volume":"304","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74623","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20284","article-title":"Downregulation of microRNA-31 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting HIF1AN in human keloid","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000299183.88334.37","article-title":"Scar redness in humans: How long does it persist after incisional and excisional wounding?","volume":"121","author":"Bond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.13777","article-title":"Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars","volume":"71","author":"Mutalik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.212","article-title":"Pushing back: Wound mechanotransduction in repair and regeneration","volume":"131","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318220b159","article-title":"Improving cutaneous scar formation by controlling the mechanical environment: Large animal and phase I studies","volume":"254","author":"Gurtner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000187147.73963.a5","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial to determine the efficacy of paper tape in preventing hypertrophic scar formation in surgical incisions that traverse Langer\u2019s skin tension lines","volume":"116","author":"Atkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181858c68","article-title":"Traction-assisted dermatogenesis by serial intermittent skin tape application","volume":"122","author":"Daya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1995.tb00531.x","article-title":"Silicone gel sheeting for the prevention and management of evolving hypertrophic and keloid scars","volume":"21","author":"Fulton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(92)90027-U","article-title":"Hydration and occlusion treatment for hypertrophic scars and keloids","volume":"45","author":"Sawada","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.11.022","article-title":"Scar treatments: Preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"206","author":"Reish","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"277","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of local administration of contractubex to hypertrophic scars in comparison to corticosteroid treatment. Results of a multicenter, comparative epidemiological cohort study in Germany","volume":"20","author":"Beuth","year":"2006","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"193","article-title":"Onion extract gel versus petrolatum emollient on new surgical scars: Prospective double-blinded study","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"891","article-title":"Use of onion extract, heparin, allantoin gel in prevention of scarring in chinese patients having laser removal of tattoos: A prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.08240.x","article-title":"Pilot study evaluating topical onion extract as treatment for postsurgical scars","volume":"25","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2003.08.008","article-title":"Quercetin inhibits fibronectin production by keloid-derived fibroblasts. Implication for the treatment of excessive scars","volume":"33","author":"Phan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"347","article-title":"Onion extract and quercetin induce matrix metalloproteinase-1 in vitro and in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-006-0253-y","article-title":"Nonsurgical management of hypertrophic scars: Evidence-based therapies, standard practices, and emerging methods","volume":"31","author":"Atiyeh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aesthet. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-197612000-00004","article-title":"Ultrastructural analysis of pressure-treated human hypertrophic scars","volume":"16","author":"Baur","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1396-0296.2004.04022.x","article-title":"Medical and surgical therapies for keloids","volume":"17","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2004.08.007","article-title":"Pressure garments for use in the treatment of hypertrophic scars\u2014An evaluation of current construction techniques in NHS hospitals","volume":"31","author":"Macintyre","year":"2005","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2004.06.018","article-title":"Pressure garments for use in the treatment of hypertrophic scars\u2014A review of the problems associated with their use","volume":"32","author":"Macintyre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.05.012","article-title":"Pressure garment design tool to monitor exerted pressures","volume":"39","author":"Macintyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-475X.2003.11504.x","article-title":"In vitro mechanical compression induces apoptosis and regulates cytokines release in hypertrophic scars","volume":"11","author":"Reno","year":"2003","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2005.04.014","article-title":"The assessment of erythema and thickness on burn related scars during pressure garment therapy as a preventive measure for hypertrophic scarring","volume":"31","author":"Stappaerts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"67","article-title":"Treatment of recurrent earlobe keloids","volume":"37","author":"Rauscher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199502000-00030","article-title":"Histomorphologic changes in keloids treated with Kenacort","volume":"38","author":"Boyadjiev","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199410000-00007","article-title":"Inhibition of human keloid fibroblast growth by isotretinoin and triamcinolone acetonide in vitro","volume":"33","author":"Cruz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.09.009","article-title":"Abnormal wound healing: Keloids","volume":"25","author":"Robles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2016.00071","article-title":"The Efficacy of Triamcinolone Acetonide in Keloid Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Wong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.78.68","article-title":"Clinical applications of basic research that shows reducing skin tension could prevent and treat abnormal scarring: The importance of fascial\/subcutaneous tensile reduction sutures and flap surgery for keloid and hypertrophic scar reconstruction","volume":"78","author":"Ogawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nippon Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.83.46","article-title":"Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars Can Now Be Cured Completely: Recent Progress in Our Understanding of the Pathogenesis of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars and the Most Promising Current Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"83","author":"Ogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nippon Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.8.6.362","article-title":"Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars: A meta-analysis and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Leventhal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(90)90046-3","article-title":"On the nature of keloid and hypertrophic scars","volume":"43","author":"Muir","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200208000-00031","article-title":"International clinical recommendations on scar management","volume":"110","author":"Mustoe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001511","article-title":"Intralesional Cryotherapy for the Treatment of Keloid Scars: A Prospective Study","volume":"136","author":"Zouboulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02570.x","article-title":"Hypertrophic and keloidal scars: An approach to polytherapy","volume":"44","author":"Tsakiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"61","article-title":"Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with cryotherapy","volume":"42","author":"Jaros","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/095466301317085363","article-title":"A comparison of the combined effect of cryotherapy and corticosteroid injections versus corticosteroids and cryotherapy alone on keloids: A controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Yosipovitch","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000056868.42679.05","article-title":"Intralesional cryotherapy for enhancing the involution of hypertrophic scars and keloids","volume":"111","author":"Amar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"591","article-title":"Cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids","volume":"5","author":"Rusciani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1993.tb00386.x","article-title":"Use of cryotherapy in the treatment of keloids","volume":"19","author":"Rusciani","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1993.01680300074011","article-title":"Outcomes of cryosurgery in keloids and hypertrophic scars. A prospective consecutive trial of case series","volume":"129","author":"Zouboulis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"547","article-title":"Postoperative electron-beam irradiation therapy for keloids and hypertrophic scars: Retrospective study of 147 cases followed for more than 18 months","volume":"111","author":"Ogawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12702","article-title":"Ionizing irradiation inhibits keloid fibroblast cell proliferation and induces premature cellular senescence","volume":"42","author":"Ji","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000000417","article-title":"Keloid removal by shave excision with adjuvant external beam radiation therapy","volume":"41","author":"Keeling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150405","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150405","article-title":"Radiotherapy for benign disease; assessing the risk of radiation-induced cancer following exposure to intermediate dose radiation","volume":"88","author":"McKeown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1093\/jrr\/rrv031","article-title":"Hypofractionated electron-beam radiation therapy for keloids: Retrospective study of 568 cases with 834 lesions","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.35736","article-title":"32P-patch contact brachyradiotherapy in the management of recalcitrant keloids and hypertrophic scars","volume":"73","author":"Vivante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhusari, P., Shukla, J., Kumar, M., Vatsa, R., Chhabra, A., Palarwar, K., Rathore, Y., De, D., Kumaran, S., and Handa, S. (2017). Noninvasive treatment of keloid using customized Re-188 skin patch. Dermatol. Ther., 30.","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12515"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900040309","article-title":"Preliminary results of argon and carbon dioxide laser treatment of keloid scars","volume":"4","author":"Apfelberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1053\/sder.2000.18369","article-title":"Laser treatment of hypertrophic scars, keloids, and striae","volume":"19","author":"Alster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"4","article-title":"Laser treatment of scars","volume":"9","author":"Tanzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Skin Ther. Lett."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000231","article-title":"Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars: An Analysis of 102 Cases","volume":"2","author":"Koike","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Nd:YAG Laser Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars","volume":"12","author":"Akaishi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eplasty"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"25","article-title":"Laser scar revision: Comparison study of 585-nm pulsed dye laser with and without intralesional corticosteroids","volume":"29","author":"Alster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"987","article-title":"The use of pulsed dye laser for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars in chinese persons","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02127.x","article-title":"Pigmentary changes after pulsed dye laser treatment in 125 northern European patients with port wine stains","volume":"138","author":"Fiskerstrand","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0846.2001.70305.x","article-title":"Analytic quantification of phototype-related regional skin complexion","volume":"7","author":"Hermanns","year":"2001","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.1999.08165.x","article-title":"Treatment of inflamed hypertrophic scars using intralesional 5-FU","volume":"25","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"54","article-title":"Intralesional 5-fluorouracil as a treatment modality of keloids","volume":"30","author":"Nanda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Intralesional triamcinolone alone and in combination with 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of Keloid and Hypertrophic scars","volume":"64","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02631.x","article-title":"Intralesional triamcinolone alone or in combination with 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scars","volume":"34","author":"Darougheh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"778","article-title":"Intralesional 5-fluorouracil in keloid treatment: A systematic review","volume":"95","author":"Bijlard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/14653240310003611","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of fetal and adult mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"5","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3209","article-title":"Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and the innate immune system","volume":"12","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8407","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1432929100","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell engraftment in lung is enhanced in response to bleomycin exposure and ameliorates its fibrotic effects","volume":"100","author":"Ortiz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0417-0","article-title":"Exosomes released from human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived MSCs facilitate cutaneous wound healing by promoting collagen synthesis and angiogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2009.05.003","article-title":"Intravenous hMSCs improve myocardial infarction in mice because cells embolized in lung are activated to secrete the anti-inflammatory protein TSG-6","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12991","article-title":"Hepatic differentiation of human amniotic epithelial cells and in vivo therapeutic effect on animal model of cirrhosis","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1400","article-title":"Concise review: Two negative feedback loops place mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells at the center of early regulators of inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Prockop","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.01.010","article-title":"Inflammation, fibrosis, and modulation of the process by mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells","volume":"51","author":"Prockop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matrix Boil."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2011.211","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs): Role as guardians of inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Prockop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1097\/MOT.0000000000000032","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cells to prevent fibrosis in kidney transplantation","volume":"19","author":"Reinders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Organ Transplant."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150115151938","article-title":"Strategies for recruitment of stem cells to treat myocardial infarction","volume":"21","author":"Shafiq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6937976","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6937976","article-title":"The Immunomodulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Prevention or Treatment of Excessive Scars","volume":"2016","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.11.026","article-title":"Dermal matrix as a carrier for in vivo delivery of human adipose-derived stem cells","volume":"29","author":"Altman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0b013e318273f909","article-title":"Adipose-derived stem cells seeded on acellular dermal matrix grafts enhance wound healing in a murine model of a full-thickness defect","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2012.0480","article-title":"Effective delivery of stem cells using an extracellular matrix patch results in increased cell survival and proliferation and reduced scarring in skin wound healing","volume":"19","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.01.043","article-title":"Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate structures loaded with adipose stem cells promote skin healing with reduced scarring","volume":"17","author":"Zonari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1089\/107632703762687573","article-title":"Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in bone marrow stromal cell modulation of endothelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Kaigler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tissue Eng."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0454","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 3 and 4 are expressed by human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and can inhibit their T-cell modulatory activity by impairing Notch signaling","volume":"26","author":"Liotta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterman, R.S., Tomchuck, S.L., Henkle, S.L., and \u0392ncourt, A.M. (2010). A new mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) paradigm: Polarization into a pro-inflammatory MSC1 or an Immunosuppressive MSC2 phenotype. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010088"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.04.097","article-title":"Priming of Toll-like receptor 4 pathway in mesenchymal stem cells increases expression of B cell activating factor","volume":"448","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3182a148b9","article-title":"Burn scar lipofilling: Immunohistochemical and clinical outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Bruno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001850","article-title":"The Use of Autologous Fat Grafting for Treatment of Scar Tissue and Scar-Related Conditions: A Systematic Review","volume":"137","author":"Negenborn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2014.12.009","article-title":"Fat grafting for treatment of burns, burn scars, and other difficult wounds","volume":"42","author":"Piccolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1996.tb01671.x","article-title":"Failure of interferon-\u03b1 2b in the treatment of mature keloids","volume":"35","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03426.x","article-title":"Effects of interferon-\u03b12b on keloid treatment with triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injection","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00320.x","article-title":"Site-specific production of TGF-\u03b2 in oral mucosal and cutaneous wounds","volume":"16","author":"Schrementi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(96)00120-3","article-title":"Transforming growth factor \u03b2s and wound healing","volume":"29","author":"Ferguson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.108.3.985","article-title":"Neutralisation of TGF-\u03b21 and TGF-\u03b22 or exogenous addition of TGF-\u03b23 to cutaneous rat wounds reduces scarring","volume":"108","author":"Shah","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318217429b","article-title":"Avotermin for scar improvement following scar revision surgery: A randomized, double-blind, within-patient, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial","volume":"128","author":"So","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2011.00711.x","article-title":"Discovery and development of avotermin (recombinant human transforming growth factor \u03b23): A new class of prophylactic therapeutic for the improvement of scarring","volume":"19","author":"Occleston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60322-6","article-title":"Prophylactic administration of avotermin for improvement of skin scarring: Three double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase I\/II studies","volume":"373","author":"Ferguson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.05.003","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A affects cell cycle distribution of fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scar","volume":"61","author":"Zhibo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-011-9690-3","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type a inhibits connective tissue growth factor expression in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scar","volume":"35","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aesthet. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-009-9423-z","article-title":"Effect of botulinum toxin type A on transforming growth factor \u03b21 in fibroblasts derived from hypertrophic scar: A preliminary report","volume":"34","author":"Xiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aesthet. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-009-9334-z","article-title":"Treatment of hypertrophic scars with intralesional botulinum toxin type A injections: A preliminary report","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aesthet. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200005000-00005","article-title":"Treatment of facial wounds with botulinum toxin A improves cosmetic outcome in primates","volume":"105","author":"Gassner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.173586","article-title":"Assessment of intralesional injection of botulinum toxin type A injection for hypertrophic scars","volume":"82","author":"Elhefnawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12134","article-title":"Intralesional botulinum toxin type A equally effective and better tolerated than intralesional steroid in the treatment of keloids: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Shaarawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b98ee7","article-title":"Intralesional botulinum toxin type A injection as a new treatment measure for keloids","volume":"124","author":"Zhibo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.4081\/dr.2015.5880","article-title":"The Use of Chemotherapeutics for the Treatment of Keloid Scars","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"23","article-title":"Bleomycin in the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars by multiple needle punctures","volume":"27","author":"Espana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2005.02633.x","article-title":"Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with dermojet injections of bleomycin: A preliminary study","volume":"44","author":"Saray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.100","article-title":"Inhibition of basal and TGF \u03b2-induced fibroblast collagen synthesis by antineoplastic agents. Implications for wound healing","volume":"67","author":"Hendricks","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1994.1042","article-title":"Regulation of lysyl oxidase mRNA in dermal fibroblasts from normal donors and patients with inherited connective tissue disorders","volume":"308","author":"Yeowell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/3\/711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:57:13Z","timestamp":1760194633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/3\/711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19030711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19030711","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]}}}