{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:14:35Z","timestamp":1790396075748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1520380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The binding of the tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) to its cognate receptor initiates many immune and inflammatory processes. The drugs, etanercept (Enbrel\u00ae), infliximab (Remicade\u00ae), adalimumab (Humira\u00ae), certolizumab-pegol (Cimzia\u00ae), and golimumab (Simponi\u00ae), are anti-TNF\u03b1 agents. These drugs block TNF\u03b1 from interacting with its receptors and have enabled the development of breakthrough therapies for the treatment of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn\u2019s disease, and psoriatic arthritis. In this review, we describe the latest works on the structural characterization of TNF\u03b1\u2013TNF\u03b1 antagonist interactions related to their therapeutic efficacy at the atomic level. A comprehensive comparison of the interactions of the TNF\u03b1 blockers would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which they neutralize TNF\u03b1. In addition, an enhanced understanding of the higher order complex structures and quinary structures of the TNF\u03b1 antagonists can support the development of better biologics with the improved pharmacokinetic properties. Accumulation of these structural studies can provide a basis for the improvement of therapeutic agents against TNF\u03b1 for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases in which TNF\u03b1 plays an important role in pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T12:55:23Z","timestamp":1520427323000},"page":"768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Structural Biology of the TNF\u03b1 Antagonists Used in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Heejin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8162-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6817-933X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woori","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3080-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Seok","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00237-9","article-title":"The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: Integrating mammalian biology","volume":"104","author":"Locksley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.03.031","article-title":"Origin and evolution of TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies","volume":"35","author":"Wiens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. 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