{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:02:33Z","timestamp":1777424553193,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]],"date-time":"2018-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16GRNT30780002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16GRNT30780002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["HL134828"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL134828"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC 81670010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC 81670010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Research Project of Liaoning Higher School","award":["LQNK201745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LQNK201745"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transepithelial fluid and salt re-absorption in epithelial tissues play an important role in fluid and salt homeostasis. In absorptive epithelium, fluid and salt flux is controlled by machinery mainly composed of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), Na+\/H+ exchanger (NHE), aquaporin, and sodium potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+\/K+-ATPase). Dysregulation of fluid and salt transport across epithelium contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as pulmonary edema and cystic fibrosis. Intracellular and extracellular signals, i.e., hormones and protein kinases, regulate fluid and salt turnover and resolution. Increasing evidence demonstrates that transepithelial fluid transport is regulated by cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (cGK) signals. cGK2 was originally identified and cloned from intestinal specimens, the presence of which has also been confirmed in the kidney and the lung. cGK2 regulates fluid and salt through ENaC, CFTR and NHE. Deficient cGK2 regulation of transepithelial ion transport was seen in acute lung injury, and cGK2 could be a novel druggable target to restore edematous disorder in epithelial tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Transepithelial Fluid and Salt Re-Absorption Regulated by cGK2 Signals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-Guang","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3228-7144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong-Long","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/10408369991239213","article-title":"Cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases: Intracellular receptors for cAMP and cGMP action","volume":"36","author":"Francis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. 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