{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:15:24Z","timestamp":1791976524513,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,17]],"date-time":"2018-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FIS del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FEDER from E.U.)","award":["PI16\/00884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16\/00884"]}]},{"name":"FIS del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FEDER from E.U.)","award":["PI13\/00322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/00322"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10CSA916014PR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10CSA916014PR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pharmacological treatment of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in adults began in clinical practice more than 20 years ago. Since then, a great volume of experience has been accumulated on its effects on the symptoms and biochemical alterations that characterize this hormonal deficiency. The effects on body composition, muscle mass and strength, exercise capacity, glucose and lipid profile, bone metabolism, and quality of life have been fully demonstrated. The advance of knowledge has also taken place in the biological and molecular aspects of the action of this hormone in patients who have completed longitudinal growth. In recent years, several epidemiological studies have reported interesting information about the long-term effects of GH replacement therapy in regard to the possible induction of neoplasms and the potential development of diabetes. In addition, GH hormone receptor polymorphism could potentially influence GH therapy. Long-acting GH are under development to create a more convenient GH dosing profile, while retaining the excellent safety, efficacy, and tolerability of daily GH. In this article we compile the most recent data of GH replacement therapy in adults, as well as the molecular aspects that may condition a different sensitivity to this treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T06:57:11Z","timestamp":1521529031000},"page":"893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Treatment with Growth Hormone for Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency Syndrome: Benefits and Risks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Juan J.","family":"D\u00edez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1207-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Sangiao-Alvarellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedica (INIBIC), University Hospital A Coru\u00f1a, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3528-8174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Cordido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of A Coru\u00f1a, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biomedica (INIBIC), University Hospital A Coru\u00f1a, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital A Coru\u00f1a, Xubias de Arriba 84, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Towards a concept of growth hormone deficiency syndrome in adults","volume":"107","author":"Diez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med. 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