{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:24:46Z","timestamp":1776392686682,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish National Science Centre","award":["UMO-2012\/07\/B\/NZ4\/01657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2012\/07\/B\/NZ4\/01657"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["KNOW"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KNOW"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AR056666-01A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AR056666-01A2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The focus of the present review is to investigate the role of melanin in the radioprotection of melanoma and attempts to sensitize tumors to radiation by inhibiting melanogenesis. Early studies showed radical scavenging, oxygen consumption and adsorption as mechanisms of melanin radioprotection. Experimental models of melanoma in hamsters and in gerbils are described as well as their use in biochemical and radiobiological studies, including a spontaneously metastasizing ocular model. Some results from in vitro studies on the inhibition of melanogenesis are presented as well as radio-chelation therapy in experimental and clinical settings. In contrast to cutaneous melanoma, uveal melanoma is very successfully treated with radiation, both using photon and proton beams. We point out that the presence or lack of melanin pigmentation should be considered, when choosing therapeutic options, and that both the experimental and clinical data suggest that melanin could be a target for radiosensitizing melanoma cells to increase efficacy of radiotherapy against melanoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,2]],"date-time":"2018-04-02T12:32:20Z","timestamp":1522672340000},"page":"1048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Transplantable Melanomas in Hamsters and Gerbils as Models for Human Melanoma. Sensitization in Melanoma Radiotherapy\u2014From Animal Models to Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0984-7422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"\u015aniegocka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Podg\u00f3rska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0261-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"P\u0142onka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6296-2844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"Elas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Romanowska-Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Medical College of Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szczygie\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"\u017bmijewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miros\u0142awa","family":"Cichorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, Medical College of Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bro\u017cyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Oncology Centre-Prof. Franciszek \u0141ukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8963-3995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"S\u0142ominski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"},{"name":"VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Urba\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196605)19:5<607::AID-CNCR2820190502>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"On the antiquity of melanoma","volume":"19","author":"Urteaga","year":"1966","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12618","article-title":"The role of melanin pigment in melanoma","volume":"24","author":"Slominski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. 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