{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T21:05:11Z","timestamp":1792271111865,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]],"date-time":"2018-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF2015NRF-POC0001-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF2015NRF-POC0001-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"A*STAR-NTU-NHG","award":["SRG\/14028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRG\/14028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial lipids such as fatty acids and monoglycerides are promising antibacterial agents that destabilize bacterial cell membranes, causing a wide range of direct and indirect inhibitory effects. The goal of this review is to introduce the latest experimental approaches for characterizing how antimicrobial lipids destabilize phospholipid membranes within the broader scope of introducing current knowledge about the biological activities of antimicrobial lipids, testing strategies, and applications for treating bacterial infections. To this end, a general background on antimicrobial lipids, including structural classification, is provided along with a detailed description of their targeting spectrum and currently understood antibacterial mechanisms. Building on this knowledge, different experimental approaches to characterize antimicrobial lipids are presented, including cell-based biological and model membrane-based biophysical measurement techniques. Particular emphasis is placed on drawing out how biological and biophysical approaches complement one another and can yield mechanistic insights into how the physicochemical properties of antimicrobial lipids influence molecular self-assembly and concentration-dependent interactions with model phospholipid and bacterial cell membranes. Examples of possible therapeutic applications are briefly introduced to highlight the potential significance of antimicrobial lipids for human health and medicine, and to motivate the importance of employing orthogonal measurement strategies to characterize the activity profile of antimicrobial lipids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,10]],"date-time":"2018-04-10T13:06:08Z","timestamp":1523365568000},"page":"1114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":564,"title":["Antibacterial Free Fatty Acids and Monoglycerides: Biological Activities, Experimental Testing, and Therapeutic Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Jackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elba","family":"Valle-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8692-8955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam-Joon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering and Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200300010","article-title":"Vesicles and liposomes: A self-assembly principle beyond lipids","volume":"15","author":"Antonietti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.07.090","article-title":"Two sides of the coin. Part 2. Colloid and surface science meets real biointerfaces","volume":"159","author":"Ninham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20170175","article-title":"Lipid raft formation driven by push and pull forces","volume":"90","author":"Mukai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10580","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cp50620g","article-title":"Amphiphile nanoarchitectonics: From basic physical chemistry to advanced applications","volume":"15","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1246\/bcsj.20170156","article-title":"Chemistry can make strict and fuzzy controls for bio-systems: DNA nanoarchitectonics and cell-macromolecular nanoarchitectonics","volume":"90","author":"Komiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014The need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2010.00134","article-title":"A brief history of the antibiotic era: Lessons learned and challenges for the future","volume":"1","author":"Aminov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.06.009","article-title":"Resistance to antibiotics: Are we in the post-antibiotic era?","volume":"36","author":"Alanis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thormar, H. (2010). Lipids and Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470976623"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143.e3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.01.016","article-title":"The skin microbiome: Current perspectives and future challenges","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.387","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: Old molecules with new ideas","volume":"132","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2355-3","article-title":"Antibacterial free fatty acids: Activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential","volume":"85","author":"Desbois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.2.1.23","article-title":"Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents","volume":"2","author":"Kabara","year":"1972","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02570908","article-title":"Antimicrobial lipids: Natural and synthetic fatty acids and monoglycerides","volume":"12","author":"Kabara","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02678802","article-title":"Antimicrobial agents derived from fatty acids","volume":"61","author":"Kabara","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Ame. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"733","article-title":"Structure-function relationships of surfactants as antimicrobial agents","volume":"29","author":"Kabara","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"GRAS antimicrobial agents for cosmetic products","volume":"31","author":"Kabara","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.27.1321","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of saturated fatty acids and fatty amines against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"27","author":"Kitahara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.93","article-title":"Antimicrobial property of lauric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: Its therapeutic potential for inflammatory acne vulgaris","volume":"129","author":"Nakatsuji","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlievert, P.M., and Peterson, M.L. (2012). Glycerol monolaurate antibacterial activity in broth and biofilm cultures. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040350"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.07.010","article-title":"Effects of caprylic acid and triacylglycerols of both caprylic and capric acid in rabbits experimentally infected with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O103","volume":"126","author":"Marounek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2174\/157489112801619728","article-title":"Potential applications of antimicrobial fatty acids in medicine, agriculture and other industries","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"Recent Patents Anti-Infect. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02678778","article-title":"Fatty acid derivatives: Important surfactants for household, cosmetic and industrial purposes","volume":"61","author":"Maag","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033583508004721","article-title":"Interactions of surfactants with lipid membranes","volume":"41","author":"Heerklotz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quart. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.26.3.1202-1210.1979","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of oleic acid on group A streptococci: Mechanism of action","volume":"26","author":"Speert","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.1.84","article-title":"Bactericidal effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"154","author":"Knapp","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.58.2.624-629.1992","article-title":"Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by fatty acids and monoglycerides","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.9.2290","article-title":"In vitro inactivation of Chlamydia trachomatis by fatty acids and monoglycerides","volume":"42","author":"Bergsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-131.x","article-title":"Killing of Gram-positive cocci by fatty acids and monoglycerides","volume":"109","author":"Bergsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2005.01709.x","article-title":"Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens to C2\u2013C18 fatty acids","volume":"41","author":"Marounek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2006.12.005","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) against foodborne and food spoilage microorganisms","volume":"40","author":"Shin","year":"2007","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10910","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9909614","article-title":"A matrix effect in mixed phospholipid\/fatty acid vesicle formation","volume":"103","author":"Lonchin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1021\/jp001298i","article-title":"Growth and transformation of vesicles studied by ferritin labeling and cryotransmission electron microscopy","volume":"105","author":"Berclaz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1021\/jp002151u","article-title":"Matrix effect of vesicle formation as investigated by cryotransmission electron microscopy","volume":"105","author":"Berclaz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14068","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0277199","article-title":"Cooperative micelle binding and matrix effect in oleate vesicle formation","volume":"107","author":"Rasi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.52.1058","article-title":"Size control of mixed egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EggPC)\/oleate vesicles","volume":"52","author":"Chungcharoenwattana","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-005-1307-4","article-title":"Effect of preformed egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles on spontaneous vesiculation of oleate micelles","volume":"283","author":"Chungcharoenwattana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.53.260","article-title":"New vesicle formation upon oleate addition to preformed vesicles","volume":"53","author":"Chungcharoenwattana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2006.01.001","article-title":"Kinetic studies of the interaction of fatty acids with phosphatidylcholine vesicles (liposomes)","volume":"48","author":"Rogerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2009.03.005","article-title":"Growth and shape transformations of giant phospholipid vesicles upon interaction with an aqueous oleic acid suspension","volume":"159","author":"Peterlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12086","DOI":"10.1021\/jp404135g","article-title":"Partitioning of oleic acid into phosphatidylcholine membranes is amplified by strain","volume":"117","author":"Mally","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5878","DOI":"10.1021\/la700523x","article-title":"DHA-induced changes of supported lipid membrane morphology","volume":"23","author":"Thid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11717","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b01984","article-title":"Real-time quartz crystal microbalance monitoring of free docosahexaenoic acid interactions with supported lipid bilayers","volume":"32","author":"Flynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07224-11","article-title":"Antimicrobial mechanism of monocaprylate","volume":"78","author":"Hyldgaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(95)00101-8","article-title":"Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for skin corrosivity of organic acids, bases and phenols: Principal components and neural network analysis of extended datasets","volume":"10","author":"Barratt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2002.tb00010.x","article-title":"Structured lipids-novel fats with medical, nutraceutical, and food applications","volume":"1","author":"Osborn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3820","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease","volume":"15","author":"Bazinet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0390078","article-title":"The effect of unsaturated fatty acids on Lactobacillus helveticus and other Gram-positive micro-organisms","volume":"39","author":"Kodicek","year":"1945","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"803","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of long chain fatty acids and the reversal with calcium, magnesium, ergocalciferol and cholesterol","volume":"34","author":"Galbraith","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.26.2.164","article-title":"Growth of group IV mycobacteria on medium containing various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"26","author":"Saito","year":"1984","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:19930202","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of fatty acids against Bacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood disease","volume":"24","author":"Feldlaufer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1159\/000069757","article-title":"Palmitoleic acid isomer (C16: 1\u03946) in human skin sebum is effective against gram-positive bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Wille","year":"2003","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(03)00008-7","article-title":"Antibacterial actions of fatty acids and monoglycerides against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.9.3.333-335.1979","article-title":"Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and group A, B, C, and G streptococci to free fatty acids","volume":"9","author":"Heczko","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.522-526.2006","article-title":"Stable concentrated emulsions of the 1-monoglyceride of capric acid (monocaprin) with microbicidal activities against the food-borne bacteria Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli","volume":"72","author":"Thormar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.30.2.254","article-title":"Killing of Giardia lamblia by human milk is mediated by unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"30","author":"Rohrer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.1.27","article-title":"Inactivation of enveloped viruses and killing of cells by fatty acids and monoglycerides","volume":"31","author":"Thormar","year":"1987","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0699-2","article-title":"Virucidal effect of lipids on visna virus, a lentivirus related to HIV","volume":"151","author":"Hilmarsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00811.x","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of fatty acids on mycobacteria, with particular reference to the suggested mechanism of intracellular killing","volume":"29","author":"Kanetsuna","year":"1985","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"233","article-title":"Mechanism of the inhibitory action of linoleic acid on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"115","author":"Greenway","year":"1979","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.2.302","article-title":"Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to bactericidal properties of medium-chain monoglycerides and free fatty acids","volume":"40","author":"Petschow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2790","article-title":"In vitro susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to fatty acids and monoglycerides","volume":"43","author":"Bergsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00205-4","article-title":"Bactericidal effects of fatty acids and monoglycerides on Helicobacter pylori","volume":"20","author":"Bergsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931506","article-title":"Susceptibility of Escherichia coli to C2\u2013C18 fatty acids","volume":"48","author":"Marounek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Folia Microbiologica"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931402","article-title":"In vitro effect of C2\u2013C18 fatty acids on salmonellas","volume":"49","author":"Savka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia microbiologica"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.10.001","article-title":"Free fatty acids and sterols in the benthic spawn of aquatic molluscs, and their associated antimicrobial properties","volume":"316","author":"Benkendorff","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1021\/jf011175a","article-title":"Antimicrobial synergistic effect of linolenic acid and monoglyceride against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2007.01799.x","article-title":"Inactivation of bacterial fish pathogens by medium-chain lipid molecules (caprylic acid, monocaprylin and sodium caprylate)","volume":"38","author":"Kollanoor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wei, H., Cui, Y., Zhao, G., and Feng, F. (2009). Antibacterial interactions of monolaurin with commonly used antimicrobials and food components. J. Food Sci., 74.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01300.x"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.200900295","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of 1-monoacylglycerols prepared from undecanoic (C11:0) and undecenoic (C11:1) acid","volume":"112","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.17221\/433\/2011-CJFS","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of medium-chain fatty acids and monoacylglycerols on Cronobacter sakazakii DBM 3157T and Cronobacter malonaticus DBM 3148","volume":"30","author":"Marounek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.5.884","article-title":"In vitro inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in bovine rumen fluid by caprylic acid","volume":"67","author":"Annamalai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.9.1895","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of monocaprylin on Escherichia coli O157: H7 in apple juice","volume":"68","author":"Nair","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-69.9.2248","article-title":"Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in cattle drinking water by sodium caprylate","volume":"69","author":"Amalaradjou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6552","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02164-13","article-title":"Marked synergistic bactericidal effects and mode of action of medium-chain fatty acids in combination with organic acids against Escherichia coli O157: H7","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2015.02.009","article-title":"Synergistic antimicrobial activity of caprylic acid in combination with citric acid against both Escherichia coli O157: H7 and indigenous microflora in carrot juice","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/japr\/14.1.122","article-title":"In vitro inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis in autoclaved chicken cecal contents by caprylic acid","volume":"14","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.011","article-title":"Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella spp. on alfalfa seeds by caprylic acid and monocaprylin","volume":"144","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2004.01.003","article-title":"Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in milk by caprylic acid and monocaprylin","volume":"21","author":"Nair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.7.1594","article-title":"Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters by monocaprylin alone or in combination with acetic acid","volume":"70","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)73033-2","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of caprylic acid and monocaprylin on major bacterial mastitis pathogens","volume":"88","author":"Nair","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-C., Schlievert, P.M., Anderson, M.J., Fair, C.L., Schaefers, M.M., Muthyala, R., and Peterson, M.L. (2009). Glycerol monolaurate and dodecylglycerol effects on Staphylococcus aureus and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in vitro and in vivo. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007499"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/15376520590968833","article-title":"Effects of essential oils and monolaurin on Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"15","author":"Preuss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00698-5","article-title":"Inhibition of bacterial foodborne pathogens by the lactoperoxidase system in combination with monolaurin","volume":"73","author":"McLay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.08.016","article-title":"New decontamination method based on caprylic acid in combination with citric acid or vanillin for eliminating Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in reconstituted infant formula","volume":"166","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.08.022","article-title":"Highly enhanced bactericidal effects of medium chain fatty acids (caprylic, capric, and lauric acid) combined with edible plant essential oils (carvacrol, eugenol, \u03b2-resorcylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and vanillin) against Escherichia coli O157: H7","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.17221\/70\/2017-CJAS","article-title":"Determination of in vitro antibacterial activity of plant oils containing medium-chain fatty acids against gram-positive pathogenic and gut commensal bacteria","volume":"63","year":"2018","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-017-1419-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a blend of monoglycerides against Escherichia coli and Enterococci with multiple drug resistance","volume":"200","author":"Anacarso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.65.129","article-title":"Antibacterial activity against cariogenic bacteria and inhibition of insoluble glucan production by free fatty acids obtained from dried Gloiopeltis furcata","volume":"65","author":"Kurihara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.09.045","article-title":"Oleic acid: An efficient inhibitor of glucosyltransferase","volume":"581","author":"Won","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Stevens, M.J., Neuenschwander, S., Schwarm, A., Kreuzer, M., Bratus-Neuenschwander, A., and Zeitz, J.O. (2018). The transcriptome response of the ruminal methanogen Methanobrevibacter ruminantium strain M1 to the inhibitor lauric acid. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3242-8"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.12.4332-4337.1991","article-title":"Correlation of carotenoid production, decreased membrane fluidity, and resistance to oleic acid killing in Staphylococcus aureus 18Z","volume":"59","author":"Chamberlain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"391","article-title":"The adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by bacteria, its action in releasing cellular constituents and its bactericidal effects","volume":"5","author":"Salton","year":"1951","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1051\/lait:199512","article-title":"Effects of free fatty acids on propionic acid bacteria","volume":"75","author":"Boyaval","year":"1995","journal-title":"Le Lait"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.141.3.1122-1126.1980","article-title":"Effects of fatty acids on lysis of Streptococcus faecalis","volume":"141","author":"Carson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.11.1557","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the growth of Helicobacter pylori: A possible explanation of the effect of diet on peptic ulceration","volume":"35","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.66.1.717","article-title":"The ATP synthase\u2014A splendid molecular machine","volume":"66","author":"Boyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/191144a0","article-title":"Coupling of phosphorylation to electron and hydrogen transfer by a chemi-osmotic type of mechanism","volume":"191","author":"Mitchell","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"659","article-title":"Effect of long chain fatty acids on bacterial respiration and amino acid uptake","volume":"36","author":"Galbraith","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.111.2.516-524.1972","article-title":"Effects of fatty acids on growth and envelope proteins of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"111","author":"Sheu","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0981-9428(02)00014-1","article-title":"Inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport by palmitoleic acid is partially correlated to loss of thylakoid membrane proteins","volume":"41","author":"Peters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2005.08.028","article-title":"Fatty acid synthesis is a target for antibacterial activity of unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"579","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.010","article-title":"Effect of \u03b1-linolenic, capric and lauric acid on the fatty acid biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"129","author":"Vannini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.suppl_1.5","article-title":"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Andrews","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.521","article-title":"Agar and broth dilution methods to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial substances","volume":"3","author":"Wiegand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1+","article-title":"Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Report of an international collaborative study","volume":"217","author":"Ericsson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0804651","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century\u2014A clinical super-challenge","volume":"360","author":"Arias","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10223","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5b02088","article-title":"Spectrum of membrane morphological responses to antibacterial fatty acids and related surfactants","volume":"31","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"15","article-title":"Combined effects on antibacterial activity of fatty acids and their esters against gram-negative bacteria","volume":"1978","author":"Shibasaki","year":"1978","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Effect Lipids"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0079-6832(54)90006-3","article-title":"The surface properties of fatty acids and allied substances","volume":"2","author":"Dervichian","year":"1954","journal-title":"Prog. Chem. Fats Other Lipids"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"647","article-title":"Physicochemical effects of long chain fatty acids on bacterial cells and their protoplasts","volume":"36","author":"Galbraith","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.17.2.303-312.1977","article-title":"Inhibitory action of fatty acids on the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae","volume":"17","author":"Miller","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl393","article-title":"Bactericidal agents in the treatment of MRSA infections\u2014The potential role of daptomycin","volume":"58","author":"French","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1126\/science.142.3589.185","article-title":"Origin of the electron microscope","volume":"142","author":"Freundlich","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.59.627","article-title":"The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy","volume":"59","author":"Ruska","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams, D.B., and Carter, C.B. (1996). The transmission electron microscope. Transmission Electron Microscopy, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2519-3"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4011","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00313a001","article-title":"Spontaneous formation of stable unilamellar vesicles","volume":"23","author":"Gabriel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Angelova, M., Sol\u00e9au, S., M\u00e9l\u00e9ard, P., Faucon, F., and Bothorel, P. (1992). Preparation of giant vesicles by external AC electric fields. Kinetics and applications. Trends in Colloid and Interface Science VI, Springer."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10383","DOI":"10.1021\/jp981234w","article-title":"Matrix effect in the size distribution of fatty acid vesicles","volume":"102","author":"Blocher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15823","DOI":"10.1021\/bi051684w","article-title":"Single giant unilamellar vesicle method reveals effect of antimicrobial peptide magainin 2 on membrane permeability","volume":"44","author":"Tamba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9638","DOI":"10.1021\/la0265124","article-title":"Shape changes of giant unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine induced by a de novo designed peptide interacting with their membrane interface","volume":"18","author":"Yamashita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(02)00444-3","article-title":"La3+ and Gd3+ induce shape change of giant unilamellar vesicles of phosphatidylcholine","volume":"1564","author":"Tanaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3178","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.097105","article-title":"Single GUV method reveals interaction of tea catechin (\u2212)-epigallocatechin gallate with lipid membranes","volume":"92","author":"Tamba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9526","DOI":"10.1021\/la049481g","article-title":"Shape changes and vesicle fission of giant unilamellar vesicles of liquid-ordered phase membrane induced by lysophosphatidylcholine","volume":"20","author":"Tanaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2003.09.022","article-title":"Shape transformation of giant phospholipid vesicles at high concentrations of C12E8","volume":"63","author":"Babnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1021\/la062078k","article-title":"Vesicle fission of giant unilamellar vesicles of liquid-ordered-phase membranes induced by amphiphiles with a single long hydrocarbon chain","volume":"23","author":"Inaoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1021\/la8033269","article-title":"Formation of complex three-dimensional structures in supported lipid bilayers","volume":"25","author":"Giger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"028101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.028101","article-title":"Confined bilayers passively regulate shape and stress","volume":"110","author":"Staykova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.101139","article-title":"Formation of three-dimensional structures in supported lipid bilayers","volume":"92","author":"Cambrea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.106.084590","article-title":"Influence of lipid chemistry on membrane fluidity: Tail and headgroup interactions","volume":"91","author":"Seu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b03944","article-title":"Correlating membrane morphological responses with micellar aggregation behavior of capric acid and monocaprin","volume":"33","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14756","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b03236","article-title":"Understanding how sterols regulate membrane remodeling in supported lipid bilayers","volume":"33","author":"Kawakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529609094527","article-title":"Prevention of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.168.6.9168699","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease: Evolution to revolution to resolution","volume":"168","author":"Pattison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.09.004","article-title":"Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori\u2013induced gastric cancer","volume":"150","author":"Amieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13069","article-title":"Optimised empiric triple and concomitant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in clinical practice: The OPTRICON study","volume":"41","author":"Lucendo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Therap."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51.e14","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.04.006","article-title":"The Toronto consensus for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults","volume":"151","author":"Fallone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.563","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"112","author":"Chey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, M., Michel, V., Matos, A.A., Carvalho, P., Oliveira, M.J., Ferreira, R.M., Dillies, M.-A., Huerre, M., Seruca, R., and Figueiredo, C. (2012). Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits Helicobacter pylori growth in vitro and mice gastric mucosa colonization. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035072"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, M., Michel, V., Os\u00f3rio, H., El Ghachi, M., Bonis, M., Boneca, I.G., De Reuse, H., Matos, A.A., Lenormand, P., and Seruca, R. (2013). Crosstalk between Helicobacter pylori and gastric epithelial cells is impaired by docosahexaenoic acid. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060657"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128919","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/128919","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory mechanism of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells","volume":"2014","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.31.1.30","article-title":"The antibacterial effect of fatty acids on Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"31","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1021\/mp300243w","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of liposomal linolenic acids against antibiotic-resistant Helicobacter pylori","volume":"9","author":"Obonyo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, S.W., Thamphiwatana, S., Zhang, L., and Obonyo, M. (2015). Mechanism of antibacterial activity of liposomal linolenic acid against Helicobacter pylori. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116519"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17600","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1418230111","article-title":"In vivo treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection with liposomal linolenic acid reduces colonization and ameliorates inflammation","volume":"111","author":"Thamphiwatana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S151825","article-title":"The impact of liposomal linolenic acid on gastrointestinal microbiota in mice","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.01.014","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid loaded lipid nanoparticles with bactericidal activity against Helicobacter pylori","volume":"519","author":"Seabra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.10.010","article-title":"Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of capric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: A comparative study with lauric acid","volume":"73","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.07.033","article-title":"The antimicrobial activity of liposomal lauric acids against Propionibacterium acnes","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300002","article-title":"In vivo treatment of Propionibacterium acnes infection with liposomal lauric acids","volume":"2","author":"Pornpattananangkul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, T.-Q.-M., Hsieh, M.-F., Chang, K.-L., Pho, Q.-H., Nguyen, V.-C., Cheng, C.-Y., and Huang, C.-M. (2016). Bactericidal effect of lauric acid-loaded PCL-PEG-PCL nano-sized micelles on skin commensal Propionibacterium acnes. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8090321"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"1","article-title":"Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with retinoic acid and lauric acid as an alternative for topical treatment of acne vulgaris","volume":"14","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1011.11014","article-title":"An innate bactericidal oleic acid effective against skin infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A therapy concordant with evolutionary medicine","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2010.05.022","article-title":"Characterization and antimicrobial activity of a pharmaceutical microemulsion","volume":"395","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackman, J.A., Yoon, B.K., Li, D., and Cho, N.J. (2016). Nanotechnology formulations for antibacterial free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030305"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/4\/1114\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:59:58Z","timestamp":1760194798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/4\/1114"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19041114"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19041114","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,8]]}}}