{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:49:24Z","timestamp":1792518564316,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound healing involves a complex interaction between immunity and other natural host processes, and to succeed it requires a well-defined cascade of events. Chronic wound infections can be mono- or polymicrobial but their major characteristic is their ability to develop a biofilm. A biofilm reduces the effectiveness of treatment and increases resistance. A biofilm is an ecosystem on its own, enabling the bacteria and the host to establish different social interactions, such as competition or cooperation. With an increasing incidence of chronic wounds and, implicitly, of chronic biofilm infections, there is a need for alternative therapeutic agents. Nanotechnology shows promising openings, either by the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles or their function as drug carriers. Nanoparticles and nanostructured coatings can be active at low concentrations toward a large variety of infectious agents; thus, they are unlikely to elicit emergence of resistance. Nanoparticles might contribute to the modulation of microbial colonization and biofilm formation in wounds. This comprehensive review comprises the pathogenesis of chronic wounds, the role of chronic wound colonization and infection in the healing process, the conventional and alternative topical therapeutic approaches designed to combat infection and stimulate healing, as well as revolutionizing therapies such as nanotechnology-based wound healing approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T12:19:27Z","timestamp":1523535567000},"page":"1179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Nanocoatings for Chronic Wound Repair\u2014Modulation of Microbial Colonization and Biofilm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1436-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Mihai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncologic Dermatology and Allergology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, \u201cElias\u201d University Emergency Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5927-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lina","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Research and Development Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Lungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucure\u0219ti, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7417-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica Cartelle","family":"Gestal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0794-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea Ioan","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Cantacuzino National Medico-Military Research and Development Institute, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina Maria","family":"Holban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucure\u0219ti, Romania"},{"name":"Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), 050107 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2013.08.009","article-title":"Light based anti-infectives: Ultraviolet C irradiation, photodynamic therapy, blue light, and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. 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