{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:09:23Z","timestamp":1791932963730,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine postpartum diseases remain one of the most significant and highly prevalent illnesses with negative effects on the productivity, survival, and welfare of dairy cows. Antibiotics are generally considered beneficial in the treatment of endometritis; however, frequent usage of each antibiotic drug is reason for the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) of the pathogenic microorganisms, representing a major impediment for the successful diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in both humans and animals. We synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an average size of 10 nm using the novel biomolecule apigenin as a reducing and stabilizing agent, and evaluated the efficacy of the AgNPs on the MDR pathogenic bacteria Prevotella melaninogenica and Arcanobacterium pyogenes isolated from uterine secretion samples. AgNPs inhibited cell viability and biofilm formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the metabolic toxicity of the AgNPs was assessed through various cellular assays. The major toxic effect of cell death was caused by an increase in oxidative stress, as evidenced by the increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content, and nitric oxide. The formation of ROS is considered to be the primary mechanism of bacterial death. Therefore, the biomolecule-mediated synthesis of AgNPs shows potential as an alternative antimicrobial therapy for bovine metritis and endometritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T12:40:26Z","timestamp":1523882426000},"page":"1210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Antibacterial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles on Endometritis Caused by Prevotella melaninogenica and Arcanobacterum pyogenes in Dairy Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sangiliyandi","family":"Gurunathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Jung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1232-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-Hoi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00410-6","article-title":"Relationship between intra-uterine bacterial contamination, endotoxin levels and the development of endometritis in postpartum cows with dystocia or retained placenta","volume":"54","author":"Dohmen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1230837","article-title":"Influence of uterine bacterial contamination after parturition on ovarian dominant follicle selection and follicle growth and function in cattle","volume":"123","author":"Sheldon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.04.006","article-title":"Postpartum uterine health in cattle","volume":"82\u201383","author":"Sheldon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. 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