{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:01:25Z","timestamp":1772712085544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the airway, and it is characterized by a wheezing breathing sound, variable airflow obstruction and the presence of inflammatory cells in the submucosa of the bronchi. Viral infection, pollutants and sensitivity to aeroallergens damage the epithelium from childhood, which causes asthma. The pathogenesis of asthma includes pathways of innate stimulation by environmental microbes and irritant pathogens. Damaged epithelial cells produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and stimulate myeloid dendritic cell maturation through the thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) heterocomplex. TSLP-activated myeloid dendritic cells promote naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate into T helper type 2 (Th2) phenotype CD4+ T cells. Re-exposure to allergens or environmental stimuli causes an adaptive immune response. TSLP-activated dendritic cells expressing the OX40 ligand (OX40L; CD252) trigger naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate into inflammatory Th2 effector cells secreting the cytokines interleukin-4, 5, 9, and 13 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13), and the dendritic cells (DCs) promote the proliferation of allergen-specific Th2 memory cells. Allergen presentation by Th2 cells through its interaction with their receptors in the presence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on B cells and through costimulation involving CD40 and CD40L interactions results in immunoglobulin class switching from IgM to IgE. DCs and other blood cell subsets express the TSLPR heterocomplex. The regulatory mechanism of the TSLPR heterocomplex on these different cell subsets remains unclear. The TSLPR heterocomplex is composed of the IL-7R\u03b1 chain and TSLPR chain. Moreover, two isoforms of TSLP, short isoform TSLP (sfTSLP) and long isoform TSLP (lfTSLP), have roles in atopic and allergic development. Identifying and clarifying the regulation of TSLPR and IL-7R\u03b1 in pediatric asthma are still difficult, because the type of blood cell and the expression for each blood cell in different stages of atopic diseases are poorly understood. We believe that further integrated assessments of the regulation mechanism of the TSLP\u2013TSLPR heterocomplex axis in vitro and in vivo can provide a faster and earlier diagnosis of pediatric asthma and promote the development of more effective preventive strategies at the onset of allergies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T10:12:01Z","timestamp":1524132721000},"page":"1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Expression and Regulation of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Receptor Heterocomplex in the Innate\u2013Adaptive Immunity of Pediatric Asthma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sheng-Chieh","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang-Yi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 22060, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Jen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Ling","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin County 63201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.11.008","article-title":"New concepts in asthma: Clinical phenotypes and pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Koczulla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.031","article-title":"Asthma therapy and airway remodeling","volume":"120","author":"Mauad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00110107","article-title":"Airway remodelling: The future","volume":"30","author":"Boulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12391","article-title":"Intranasally administered serelaxin abrogates airway remodelling and attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic airways disease","volume":"44","author":"Royce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200808-089RM","article-title":"Remodeling in asthma","volume":"6","author":"Bergeron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2731","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune responses in asthma","volume":"18","author":"Holgate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.4.1331","article-title":"Rapid dendritic cell recruitment is a hallmark of the acute inflammatory response at mucosal surfaces","volume":"179","author":"McWilliam","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.11-RAI-0376","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of TSLP function in human allergic disorders-TSLP programs the \u201cTh2 code\u201d in dendritic cells","volume":"61","author":"Ito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2009.134","article-title":"The influence of TSLP on the allergic response","volume":"3","author":"Comeau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0168OC","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces chemotactic and prosurvival effects in eosinophils: Implications in allergic inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03241.x","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin, OX40-ligand, and interleukin-25 in allergic responses","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.02.016","article-title":"T cells in asthma: Influences of genetics, environment, and T-cell plasticity","volume":"131","author":"Lloyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.06.006","article-title":"Viral infection of the lung: Host response and sequelae","volume":"132","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05128.x","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"1183","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3277","article-title":"Screening and functional pathway analysis of genes associated with pediatric allergic asthma using a DNA microarray","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.012","article-title":"Advances in pediatric asthma in 2013: Coordinating asthma care","volume":"133","author":"Szefler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.09.008","article-title":"Maternal obesity, gestational weight gain, and risk of asthma and atopic disease in offspring: A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"131","author":"Basit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.001","article-title":"Body mass index trajectory classes and incident asthma in childhood: Results from 8 European Birth Cohorts\u2014A Global Allergy and Asthma European Network initiative","volume":"131","author":"Rzehak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1788-3","article-title":"Environmental factors association between asthma and acute bronchiolitis in young children\u2014A perspective cohort study","volume":"171","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00500.x","article-title":"Nasal lavage leukotrienes in infants with RSV bronchiolitis","volume":"18","author":"Dalt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.12.001","article-title":"A randomized intervention of montelukast for post-bronchiolitis: Effect on eosinophil degranulation","volume":"156","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.031","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is induced by respiratory syncytial virus\u2013infected airway epithelial cells and promotes a type 2 response to infection","volume":"130","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7667","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007667","article-title":"Association of croup with asthma in children: A cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C.-J., S\u00f6derh\u00e4ll, C., Bustamante, M., Ba\u00efz, N., Gruzieva, O., Gehring, U., Mason, D., Chatzi, L., Basterrechea, M., and Llop, S. (2018). DNA methylation in childhood asthma: An epigenome-wide meta-analysis. Lancet Respir. Med.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30052-3"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.031","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the bronchodilator response in children","volume":"132","author":"Tse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.09.029","article-title":"Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007","volume":"120","author":"National","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.06.007","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide levels and blood eosinophil counts independently associate with wheeze and asthma events in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey subjects","volume":"132","author":"Malinovschi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22705","article-title":"Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and wheezing phenotypes in preschool children","volume":"48","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2016.1105741","article-title":"Intermittent steroid inhalation for the treatment of childhood asthma","volume":"12","author":"Hoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12602","article-title":"Adjusting prednisone using blood eosinophils reduces exacerbations and improves asthma control in difficult patients with asthma","volume":"20","author":"Wark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1147","article-title":"A case of Churg-Strauss syndrome with methylprednisolone sodium succinate allergy","volume":"47","author":"Yoneda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S113747","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory dosing of theophylline in the treatment of status asthmaticus in children","volume":"9","author":"Eid","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0418OC","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin gene promoter polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to bronchial asthma","volume":"44","author":"Harada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23469","article-title":"Albuterol via metered-dose inhaler in children: Lower doses are effective, and higher doses are safe","volume":"51","author":"Muchao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-009-1173-7","article-title":"Effects of bambuterol and terbutaline on isolated rat\u2019s tracheal smooth muscle","volume":"267","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000314164","article-title":"G-protein-coupled receptor 35 is a target of the asthma drugs cromolyn disodium and nedocromil sodium","volume":"86","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00048605","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids: Effects on the airway vasculature in bronchial asthma","volume":"27","author":"Horvath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3030514","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids","volume":"3","author":"Barnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262120-00003","article-title":"Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction","volume":"62","author":"Gotshall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kew, K.M., Quinn, M., Quon, B.S., and Ducharme, F.M. (2016). Increased versus stable doses of inhaled corticosteroids for exacerbations of chronic asthma in adults and children. Cochrane Libr.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007524.pub4"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/ped.2013.0244","article-title":"Does use of inhaled corticosteroid for management of asthma in children make them shorter adults?","volume":"26","author":"Raissy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2174\/1874306401408010085","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids and bone health","volume":"8","author":"Chee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Respir. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2174\/1874306401408010093","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids and secondary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"8","author":"Sannarangappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Respir. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2174\/1874306401408010101","article-title":"Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on glycemic status","volume":"8","author":"Egbuonu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Respir. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Jc58","DOI":"10.7326\/ACPJC-2016-165-10-058","article-title":"Adding salmeterol to fluticasone does not increase serious asthma events or reduce exacerbations in children","volume":"165","author":"Stanbrook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2011.01209.x","article-title":"Decrease in interleukin-21 in children suffering with severe atopic dermatitis","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, C.T., Revez, J.A., and Ferreira, M.A. (2017). Lessons from ten years of genome-wide association studies of asthma. Clin. Transl. Immunol., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2017.54"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.336","article-title":"Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin preferentially stimulates myeloid cells","volume":"167","author":"Reche","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402175","article-title":"Cloning of human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and signaling mechanisms leading to proliferation","volume":"15","author":"Quentmeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.5.671","article-title":"Molecular cloning and biological characterization of a novel murine lymphoid growth factor","volume":"192","author":"Sims","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830260103","article-title":"Characterization of thymic stromal-derived lymphopoietin (TSLP) in murine B cell development in vitro","volume":"26","author":"Ray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)01001-8","article-title":"TSLP in epithelial cell and dendritic cell cross talk","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141718","article-title":"TSLP: An epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.08.004","article-title":"Berberine inhibits the production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by the blockade of caspase-1\/NF-\u03baB pathway in mast cells","volume":"11","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100355","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is produced by dendritic cells","volume":"187","author":"Kashyap","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051745","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: Master switch for allergic inflammation","volume":"203","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14795","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507385102","article-title":"Retinoid X receptor ablation in adult mouse keratinocytes generates an atopic dermatitis triggered by thymic stromal lymphopoietin","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4183","article-title":"Functional role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in chronic allergic keratoconjunctivitis","volume":"51","author":"Matsuda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/00016480802225884","article-title":"Overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergic rhinitis","volume":"129","author":"Mou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30336","article-title":"Critical proinflammatory role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and its receptor in experimental autoimmune arthritis","volume":"63","author":"Hartgring","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400864","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin and cancer","volume":"193","author":"Kuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16840","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7614","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) inhibits human colon tumor growth by promoting apoptosis of tumor cells","volume":"7","author":"Yue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0041OC","article-title":"Functional analysis of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin variants in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"40","author":"Harada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.41","article-title":"The short form of TSLP is constitutively translated in human keratinocytes and has characteristics of an antimicrobial peptide","volume":"8","author":"Bjerkan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2012.03.007","article-title":"Long TSLP transcript expression and release of TSLP induced by TLR ligands and cytokines in human keratinocytes","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.04.011","article-title":"Dichotomy of short and long thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms in inflammatory disorders of the bowel and skin","volume":"136","author":"Fornasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39559","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39559","article-title":"Distinct roles of short and long thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms in house dust mite-induced asthmatic airway epithelial barrier disruption","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200711-1697OC","article-title":"Sex-stratified linkage analysis identifies a female-specific locus for IgE to cockroach in Costa Ricans","volume":"177","author":"Hunninghake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2257","article-title":"Discovering susceptibility genes for asthma and allergy","volume":"8","author":"Vercelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"2","article-title":"A Brief Review on Immune Mediated Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Adapa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601497","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-elicited TSLPR expression enriches a functionally discrete subset of human CD14+ CD1c+ monocytes","volume":"198","author":"Borriello","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600753","article-title":"IL-7R\u03b1 Expression Regulates Murine Dendritic Cell Sensitivity to Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin","volume":"198","author":"Kummola","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1360","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin in normal and pathogenic T cell development and function","volume":"7","author":"Ziegler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2012.02868.x","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin stimulates the formation of eosinophil extracellular traps","volume":"67","author":"Morshed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.04.002","article-title":"Living and dying for inflammation: Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils","volume":"34","author":"Geering","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.198","article-title":"TSLP induces mast cell development and aggravates allergic reactions through the activation of MDM2 and STAT6","volume":"134","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-015-0019-1","article-title":"Prognostic significance of cytokine receptor-like factor 2 alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, J., and Pandey, A. (2010). Site-directed mutagenesis reveals a unique requirement for tyrosine residues in IL-7R\u03b1 and TSLPR cytoplasmic domains in TSLP-dependent cell proliferation. BMC Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-11-5"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S1016-3190(10)60030-4","article-title":"Polymorphisms of interleukin 7 receptor are associated with mite-sensitive allergic asthma in children in Taiwan","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tzu Chi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2007.00657.x","article-title":"Association between genetic polymorphisms in the human interleukin-7 receptor \u03b1-chain and inhalation allergy","volume":"34","author":"Shamim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.12.014","article-title":"A potential link between TSLP\/TSLPR\/STAT5 and TLR2\/MyD88\/NF\u03baB-p65 in human corneal epithelial cells for Aspergillus fumigatus tolerance","volume":"71","author":"Ren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2011.03919.x","article-title":"Function and mechanisms of TSLP\/TSLPR complex in asthma and COPD","volume":"42","author":"Redhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-574327","article-title":"IL-7 and TSLP receptors: Twisted sisters","volume":"124","author":"Durum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4122","article-title":"TSLP and downstream molecules in experimental mouse allergic conjunctivitis","volume":"51","author":"Zheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjerkan, L., Sonesson, A., and Schenck, K. (2016). Multiple functions of the new cytokine-based antimicrobial peptide thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). Pharmaceuticals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph9030041"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14937","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14937","article-title":"Structure and antagonism of the receptor complex mediated by human TSLP in allergy and asthma","volume":"8","author":"Verstraete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"e168","article-title":"Association of interleukin 7 receptor (rs1494555 and rs6897932) gene polymorphisms with asthma in a north Indian population","volume":"6","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.04.037","article-title":"Variants of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and its receptor associate with eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"126","author":"Sherrill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.03.016","article-title":"Genetic variants in thymic stromal lymphopoietin are associated with atopic dermatitis and eczema herpeticum","volume":"125","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04328.x","article-title":"A soluble thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) antagonist, TSLPR-immunoglobulin, reduces the severity of allergic disease by regulating pulmonary dendritic cells","volume":"164","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5201","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.8.5201","article-title":"Differential regulation of human IL-7 receptor \u03b1 expression by IL-7 and TCR signaling","volume":"180","author":"Alves","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203214","article-title":"IL7R\u03b1 contributes to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis through altered T cell responses and nonhematopoietic cell lineages","volume":"190","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.8183","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity","volume":"174","author":"Ying","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-6-4","article-title":"TSLP directly impairs pulmonary Treg function: Association with aberrant tolerogenic immunity in asthmatic airway","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.01.044","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin\u2013induced human asthmatic airway epithelial cell proliferation through an IL-13\u2013dependent pathway","volume":"125","author":"Semlali","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.125930","article-title":"Double-stranded RNA induces disproportionate expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin versus interferon-\u03b2 in bronchial epithelial cells from donors with asthma","volume":"65","author":"Uller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2010.43.7.499","article-title":"Identifying the polymorphisms in the thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) and their association with asthma","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"891.e3","article-title":"Epistasis between serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) genes contributes to childhood asthma","volume":"134","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3675","article-title":"Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces corticosteroid resistance in natural helper cells during airway inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Kabata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402895","article-title":"Effects of an anti-TSLP antibody on allergen-induced asthmatic responses","volume":"370","author":"Gauvreau","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704064","article-title":"Tezepelumab in Adults with Uncontrolled Asthma","volume":"377","author":"Corren","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000430","article-title":"Development of allergic sensitization and its relevance to paediatric asthma","volume":"18","author":"Oksel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12623","article-title":"Upregulated thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor expression in children with asthma","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/4\/1231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:01:12Z","timestamp":1760194872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/4\/1231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19041231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19041231","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]]}}}