{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:28:10Z","timestamp":1792466890176,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,28]],"date-time":"2018-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005688","name":"Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis of the knee and spine is highly prevalent in modern society, yet a disease-modifying pharmacological treatment remains an unmet clinical need. A major challenge for drug development includes selection of appropriate preclinical models that accurately reflect clinical phenotypes of human disease. The aim of this study was to establish an ex vivo explant model of human knee and spine osteoarthritis that enables assessment of osteochondral tissue responses to inflammation and drug treatment. Equal-sized osteochondral fragments from knee and facet joints (both n = 6) were subjected to explant culture for 7 days in the presence of a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist and an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-\u03b2) receptor type I signaling. Markers of inflammation, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), but not bone metabolism (pro-collagen-I) were significantly increased by treatment with TLR4 agonist. Targeting of TGF-\u03b2 signaling resulted in a strong reduction of pro-collagen-I and significantly decreased IL-6 levels. MCP-1 secretion was increased, revealing a regulatory feedback mechanism between TGF-\u03b2 and MCP-1 in joint tissues. These findings demonstrate proof-of-concept and feasibility of explant culture of human osteochondral specimens as a preclinical disease model, which might aid in definition and validation of disease-modifying drug targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]],"date-time":"2018-04-30T03:45:49Z","timestamp":1525059949000},"page":"1314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Novel Ex Vivo Human Osteochondral Explant Model of Knee and Spine Osteoarthritis Enables Assessment of Inflammatory and Drug Treatment Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4367-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Geurts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doria","family":"Juri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Applied Sciences and Art Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sch\u00e4ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cordula","family":"Netzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.03.036","article-title":"Call for standardized definitions of osteoarthritis and risk stratification for clinical trials and clinical use","volume":"23","author":"Kraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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