{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:36:01Z","timestamp":1789983361137,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,12]],"date-time":"2018-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In contrast with Th1 immune responses against pathogenic viruses and bacteria, the incipient events that generate Th2 responses remain less understood. One difficulty in the identification of universal operating principles stems from the diversity of entities against which cellular and molecular Th2 responses are produced. Such responses are launched against harmful macroscopic parasites and noxious substances, such as venoms, but also against largely innocuous allergens. This suggests that the established understanding about sense and recognition applied to Th1 responses may not be translatable to Th2 responses. This review will discuss processes and signals known to occur in Th2 responses, particularly in the context of food allergy. We propose that perturbations of homeostasis at barrier sites induced by external or internal subverters, which can activate or lower the threshold activation of the immune system, are the major requirement for allergic sensitization. Innate signals produced in the tissue under these conditions equip dendritic cells with a program that forms an adaptive Th2 response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19051447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]],"date-time":"2018-05-14T02:57:20Z","timestamp":1526266640000},"page":"1447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["The Initiation of Th2 Immunity Towards Food Allergens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1390-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosef","family":"Ellenbogen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology &amp; Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, MDCL 4013, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Saiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology &amp; Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, MDCL 4013, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Spill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology &amp; Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, MDCL 4013, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8269-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek K.","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Waserman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manel","family":"Jordana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), Department of Pathology &amp; Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, MDCL 4013, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2735","article-title":"How Are Th2-Type Immune Responses Initiated and Amplified?","volume":"10","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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