{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:11:23Z","timestamp":1790115083272,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Periostracum cicadae, the cast-off shell of the cicada Cryptotympana pustulata Fabricius, is used in traditional Chinese medicine for its diaphoretic, anticonvulsive, sedative, antipyretic, and antiallergic effects. However, the exact pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) remains unclear, thereby hindering investigations to identify novel therapeutic agents. A rat IgAN model was established by administration of bovine serum albumin, lipopolysaccharide, and carbon tetrachloride, which simultaneously established blood stasis and a heat syndrome model. The animals were sacrificed to detect changes in protein levels in urine and blood. Immunofluorescence was performed to assess IgA deposition in the glomeruli. Tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematology and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling), and immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate histopathological changes in kidney tissues. Additionally, target-related proteins were measured by Western blotting. Periostracum cicadae resulted in a reduction in blood and urine protein levels. Serum TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-6 levels significantly decreased in the periostracum cicadae-treated groups compared to the IgAN group. Furthermore, a reduction in MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1), TLR4 ((Toll-Like Receptor 4)), and IgA expression levels and a dose-dependent increase in caspase 3 expression were observed in response to periostracum cicadae treatment. TGF-\u03b21(Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2) levels decreased, whereas that of Fas increased in the kidney tissues of the periostracum cicadae-treated groups. The findings of the present study indicate that periostracum cicadae induces apoptosis and improves kidney inflammation and fibrosis in IgA nephropathy rat models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,30]],"date-time":"2018-05-30T03:04:27Z","timestamp":1527649467000},"page":"1599","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of Periostracum Cicadae on Cytokines and Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins in an IgA Nephropathy Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8857-9293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi 830000, China"},{"name":"Economic Forest Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center of the State Forestry Administration (Urumqi), Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi 830000, China"},{"name":"Economic Forest Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center of the State Forestry Administration (Urumqi), Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aobulikasimu","family":"Nuerbiye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi 830000, China"},{"name":"Economic Forest Product Quality Inspection and Testing Center of the State Forestry Administration (Urumqi), Urumqi 830052, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China"},{"name":"Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rena","family":"Kasimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Academy of Forestry, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-5-3","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with IgA nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000225563","article-title":"Immunoglobulin A nephropathy in China: Progress and challenges","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. 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