{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:06:36Z","timestamp":1784934396080,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Project of Science and Technology","award":["2011B050200005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011B050200005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31371088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31371088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Development Fund (FDCT) of Macao","award":["FDCT016\/2016\/A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDCT016\/2016\/A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of central vision loss in the elderly with less effective treatment, especially for dry AMD (90% of AMD). Although the etiology of this disease is not well elucidated, increasing evidences indicate that excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) impairing the physiological functions of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be one of the main causes. Therefore, it could be a great strategy to find some drugs that can effectively protect RPE cells from oxidative damage which is desired to treat and slow the process of AMD. In the present study, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine berberine (BBR) was found to suppress hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in D407 cells, a human RPE cell line. Pre-treatment of D407 cells with BBR significantly suppressed H2O2-induced cell apoptosis by restoring abnormal changes in nuclear morphology, preventing the decline of mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing lactate dehydrogenase release and inhibiting caspase 3\/7 activities induced by H2O2. Western blot analysis showed that BBR was able to stimulate the phosphorylation\/activation of AMPK in a time- and dose-dependent manner in D407 cells, while treatment of cells with AMPK pathway inhibitor Compound C, or knockdown of the AMPK by specific siRNA blocked the effect of BBR. Similar results were obtained in primary cultured human RPE cells. Taken together, these results demonstrated that BBR was able to protect RPE cells against oxidative stress via the activation of AMPK pathway. Our findings also indicate the potential application of BBR in AMD treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]],"date-time":"2018-06-12T10:58:32Z","timestamp":1528801112000},"page":"1736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Berberine Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage through Activation of AMPK"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma","family":"Gaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheong-Meng","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiankang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropharmacology and Novel Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China"},{"name":"UM Zhuhai Research Institute, Zhuhai 519000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2016.07.013","article-title":"Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidation-specific epitopes, and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"1862","author":"Handa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. 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