{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:59Z","timestamp":1772252879536,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D07I1086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D07I1086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Programa de Investigaci\u00f3n Asociativa","award":["ACT71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACT71"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Boldine, a major aporphine alkaloid found in the Chilean boldo tree, is a potent antioxidant. Oxidative stress plays a detrimental role in the pathogenesis of kidney damage in renovascular hypertension (RVH). The activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is crucial to the development and progression of hypertensive renal damage and TGF-\u03b2 is closely associated with the activation of RAS. In the present study, we assessed the effect of boldine on the progression of kidney disease using the 2K1C hypertension model and identifying mediators in the RAS, such as TGF-\u03b2, that could be modulated by this alkaloid. Toward this hypothesis, rats (n = 5\/group) were treated with boldine (50 mg\/kg\/day, gavage) for six weeks after 2K1C surgery (pressure \u2265 180 mmHg). Kidney function was evaluated by measuring of proteinuria\/creatininuria ratio (U prot\/U Crea), oxidative stress (OS) by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The evolution of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was followed weekly. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (\u03b1-SMA) and Col III were used as markers of kidney damage; ED-1 and osteopontin (OPN) were used as markers of inflammation. We also explored the effect in RAS mediators, such as ACE-1 and TGF-\u03b2. Boldine treatment reduced the UProt\/UCrea ratio, plasma TBARS, and slightly reduced SBP in 2K1C hypertensive rats, producing no effect in control animals. In 2K1C rats treated with boldine the levels of \u03b1-SMA, Col III, ED-1, and OPN were lower when compared to 2K1C rats. Boldine prevented the increase in ACE-1 and TGF-\u03b2 in 2K1C rats, suggesting that boldine reduces kidney damage. These results suggest that boldine could potentially be used as a nutraceutic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T11:03:25Z","timestamp":1529924605000},"page":"1864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Boldine Improves Kidney Damage in the Goldblatt 2K1C Model Avoiding the Increase in TGF-\u03b2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7761-8675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago 8331150, Chile"},{"name":"Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux #2801, Santiago 8910060, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Velarde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago 8331150, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F330","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00059.2006","article-title":"Sustained renal interstitial macrophage infiltration following chronic angiotensin II infusions","volume":"292","author":"Ozawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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