{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:00:26Z","timestamp":1791223226754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PPAR\u03b3 belongs to the group of nuclear receptors which is expressed in the trophoblast and together with other factors is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy. Apart from that PPAR\u03b3 is also a main factor for macrophage polarization. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined expression pattern and frequency of PPAR\u03b3 under physiological circumstances and in spontaneous and recurrent miscarriages in the trophoblast and in maternal macrophages of the decidua. Human placental tissues of the first trimester (15 physiologic pregnancies, 15 spontaneous abortion and 16 recurrent miscarriage placentas) were analyzed for expression of the nuclear receptor PPAR\u03b3. Expression changes were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and real time PCR (RT-PCR) in trophoblast and in maternal macrophages of the decidua. Maternal macrophages were identified by double immunofluorescence using cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) as marker for macrophages and further characterized regarding their M1\/M2 polarization status. The intermediate villous trophoblast revealed a significantly lower PPAR\u03b3 expression in spontaneous and recurrent abortion. Maternal macrophages express PPAR\u03b3. Their number is significantly enhanced in the decidua of spontaneous miscarriages whereas in recurrent miscarriages maternal macrophages seem to express PPAR\u03b3 only in very few cases. PPAR\u03b3 is associated with an M2 polarization state that is common for decidual macrophages. The lack of PPAR\u03b3 in recurrent miscarriage decidual macrophages seems to be associated with a specific inflammatory response against the fetus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T10:40:50Z","timestamp":1530009650000},"page":"1872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["PPAR\u03b3 Expression Is Diminished in Macrophages of Recurrent Miscarriage Placentas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Theresa Maria","family":"Kolben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Rogatsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Vattai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Hester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7199-3837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Schmoeckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 27, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Mahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2623-3235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Udo","family":"Jeschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kolben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.03.006","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding immunology of reproductive failure","volume":"90","author":"Makrigiannakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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