{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T08:30:38Z","timestamp":1776501038596,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03930451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1D1A1B03930451"]}]},{"name":"Gyeongsang National University Hospital","award":["GNUHBRIF-2017-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNUHBRIF-2017-0010"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning of Korea","award":["NRF-2015R1A5A2008833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2015R1A5A2008833"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of lipid emulsion on a toxic dose of local anesthetic-mediated reduction of vasodilation evoked by the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel agonist levcromakalim. The effect of lipid emulsion (LE) and linoleic acid on the local anesthetic-mediated reduction of vasodilation and membrane hyperpolarization evoked by levcromakalim was assessed in isolated endothelium-denuded vessels (rat aorta and mesenteric artery) and aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. The effect of LE and linoleic acid on KATP channel activity in transfected HEK-293 cells was investigated, as was the effect of LE on bupivacaine concentration. The efficacy of LE in attenuating the local anesthetic-mediated reduction of vasodilation evoked by levcromakalim was correlated with the lipid solubility of the local anesthetic. Linoleic acid attenuated the bupivacaine-mediated reduction of vasodilation evoked by levcromakalim. LE decreased the bupivacaine-mediated reduction of membrane hyperpolarization evoked by levcromakalim but did not significantly alter the mepivacaine-mediated reduction. LE and linoleic acid both reversed the bupivacaine-mediated decrease of KATP activity and enhanced KATP activity. LE decreased the bupivacaine concentration. Linoleic acid may be the major contributor to LE-induced attenuation of bupivacaine-mediated reduction of vasodilation evoked by levcromakalim via the direct activation of KATP channels and indirect effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T10:40:50Z","timestamp":1530009650000},"page":"1876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Linoleic Acid Attenuates the Toxic Dose of Bupivacaine-Mediated Reduction of Vasodilation Evoked by the Activation of Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium Channels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Soo Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 15 Jinju-daero 816 beon-gil, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7402-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong-Ho","family":"Ok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 15 Jinju-daero 816 beon-gil, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seong-Chun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Catholic Kwangdong University, College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 plus), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Food Science &amp; Technology, and Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeong-Min","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Biomed Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-8936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 15 Jinju-daero 816 beon-gil, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Il","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 15 Jinju-daero 816 beon-gil, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seungmin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 15 Jinju-daero 816 beon-gil, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Tae","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 15 Jinju-daero 816 beon-gil, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31825ad8de","article-title":"Lipid emulsion infusion: Resuscitation for local anesthetic and other drug overdose","volume":"117","author":"Weinberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"648","article-title":"Comparative electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of several amide local anesthetic drugs in anesthetized dogs","volume":"82","author":"Bruelle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth. 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