{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:20:45Z","timestamp":1790626845123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]],"date-time":"2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Medical Research Council Singapore","award":["NMRC\/TA\/0020\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/TA\/0020\/2013"]}]},{"name":"Translational &amp;Clinical Research (TCR) Flagship Programme","award":["TCR12dec005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCR12dec005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL), is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. While the introduction of L-asparaginase in the treatment of this disease has significantly improved the prognosis, the outcome of patients relapsing after asparaginase-based chemotherapy, which occurs in up to 50% of patients with disseminated disease, remains dismal. There is hence an urgent need for effective targeted therapy especially in the relapsed\/refractory setting. Gene expression profiling studies have provided new perspectives on the molecular biology, ontogeny and classification of ENKTL and further identified dysregulated signaling pathways such as Janus associated kinase (\/Signal Transducer and activation of transcription (JAK\/STAT), Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), Aurora Kinase and NF-\u03baB, which are under evaluation as therapeutic targets. Copy number analyses have highlighted potential tumor suppressor genes such as PR Domain Zinc Finger Protein 1 (PRDM1) and protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPRK) while next generation sequencing studies have identified recurrently mutated genes in pro-survival and anti-apoptotic pathways. The discovery of epigenetic dysregulation and aberrant microRNA activity has broadened our understanding of the biology of ENKTL. Importantly, immunotherapy via Programmed Cell Death -1 (PD-1) and Programmed Cell Death Ligand1 (PD-L1) checkpoint signaling inhibition is emerging as an attractive therapeutic strategy in ENKTL. Herein, we present an overview of the molecular biology and genomic landscape of ENKTL with a focus on the most promising translational opportunities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T10:56:52Z","timestamp":1530529012000},"page":"1931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Genomics and Molecular Biology of Natural Killer\/T-Cell Lymphoma: Opportunities for Translation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sanjay","family":"De Mel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 110974, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwyneth Shook-Ting","family":"Soon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 110974, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingting","family":"Mok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 110974, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae-Hoon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 110974, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand D.","family":"Jeyasekharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 110974, Singapore"},{"name":"Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 110974, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6051-6410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wee-Joo","family":"Chng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 110974, Singapore"},{"name":"Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 110974, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siok-Bian","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 110974, Singapore"},{"name":"Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 110974, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Swerdlow, S.H., Campo, E., Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Pileri, S.A., Stein, H., Thiele, J., Arber, D.A., Hasserjian, R.P., and Le Beau, M.M. 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