{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:39:22Z","timestamp":1792035562089,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RU923\/8-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RU923\/8-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007148","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03FH8I02IA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03FH8I02IA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007148","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) have been conceived as tripartite synapses composed of motor neuron, Schwann cell, and muscle fiber. Recent work has shown the presence of sympathetic neurons in the immediate vicinity of NMJs and experimental and clinical findings suggest that this plays an eminent role in adult NMJ biology. The present study examined the postnatal development and distribution of sympathetic innervation in different muscles using immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and Western blot. This demonstrates the proximity of sympathetic neurons in diaphragm, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, soleus, and levator auris longus muscles. In extensor digitorum longus muscle, sympathetic innervation of NMJs was quantified from perinatal to adult stage and found to increase up to two months of age. In diaphragm muscle, an extensive network of sympathetic neurons was prominent along the characteristic central synapse band. In summary, these data demonstrate that an elaborate sympathetic innervation is present in several mouse skeletal muscles and that this is often next to NMJs. Although the presence of sympathetic neurons at the perisynaptic region of NMJs increased during postnatal development, many synapses were already close to sympathetic neurons at birth. Potential implications of these findings for treatment of neuromuscular diseases are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,2]],"date-time":"2018-07-02T10:56:52Z","timestamp":1530529012000},"page":"1935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Postnatal Development and Distribution of Sympathetic Innervation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Straka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaltrina","family":"Prokshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4485-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Janice","family":"H\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muzamil Majid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4127-254X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Pirazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion Patrick Ivey","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Hafner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Zaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0833-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Rudolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-170257","article-title":"Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes or Inherited Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission: Recent Discoveries and Open Questions","volume":"4","author":"Nicole","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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