{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T09:20:14Z","timestamp":1773048014984,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endogenous ouabain (EO) is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal gland with cardio-tonic effects. In this article, we have reviewed and summarized the most recent reports about EO, particularly with regard to how it may interact with specific genetic backgrounds. We have focused our attention on the EO\u2019s potential pathogenic role in several diseases, including renal failure, essential hypertension and heart failure. Notably, these reports have demonstrated that EO acts as a pro-hypertrophic and growth-promoting hormone, which might lead to a cardiac remodeling affecting cardiovascular functions and structures. In addition, a possible role of EO in the development of acute kidney injury has been hypothesized. During the last decays, many important improvements permitted a deeper understanding of EO\u2019s metabolisms and functions, including the characteristics of its receptor and the effects of its activation. Such progresses indicated that EO has significant implications in the pathogenesis of many common diseases. The patho-physiological role of EO in the development of hypertension and other cardiac and renal complications have laid the basis for the development of a new selective compound that could selectively modulate the genetic and molecular mechanisms involved in EO\u2019s action. It is evident that the knowledge of EO has incredibly increased; however, many important areas remain to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T11:12:58Z","timestamp":1530616378000},"page":"1948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Endogenous Ouabain and Related Genes in the Translation from Hypertension to Renal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Simonini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Universit\u00e0 Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Universit\u00e0 Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Citterio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Universit\u00e0 Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Messaggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Universit\u00e0 Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Lanzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Universit\u00e0 Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3976-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Manunta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics of Renal Disease and Hypertension Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Universit\u00e0 Vita Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, E., and Soares-da-Silva, P. (2012). New Insights into the Regulation of Na+,K+-ATPase by Ouabain; International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394305-7.00002-1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135725","article-title":"The Physiological Significance of the Cardiotonic Steroid\/Ouabain-Binding Site of the Na,K-ATPase","volume":"72","author":"Lingrel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.2741\/1711","article-title":"The endogenous ouabain: Molecular basis of its role in hypertension and cardiovascular complications","volume":"10","author":"Ferrandi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00199","article-title":"Natriuretic hormones, endogenous Ouabain, and related sodium transport inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Hamlyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.03.011","article-title":"Endogenous cardiotonic steroids and salt-sensitive hypertension","volume":"1802","author":"Fedorova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104710","article-title":"Endogenous ligand of alpha(1) sodium pump, marinobufagenin, is a novel mediator of sodium chloride\u2014Dependent hypertension","volume":"105","author":"Fedorova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000163153.27954.33","article-title":"Antibody to marinobufagenin lowers blood pressure in pregnant rats on a high NaCl intake","volume":"23","author":"Fedorova","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100212","article-title":"Resibufogenin corrects hypertension in a rat model of human preeclampsia","volume":"231","author":"Vu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.02.005","article-title":"Marinobufagenin, resibufogenin and preeclampsia","volume":"1802","author":"Puschett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.22","article-title":"Endogenous cardiotonic steroids and differential patterns of sodium pump inhibition in NaCl-loaded salt-sensitive and normotensive rats","volume":"22","author":"Bagrov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200206000-00032","article-title":"Marinobufagenin, an endogenous ligand of alpha-1 sodium pump, is a marker of congestive heart failure severity","volume":"20","author":"Fridman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969809053240","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of marinobufagenin, ouabain, and hypertension-associated protein in various disease states","volume":"20","author":"Gonick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.03.001","article-title":"Endogenous ouabain in renal Na(+) handling and related diseases","volume":"1802","author":"Manunta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C165","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1977.232.5.C165","article-title":"Sodium ions, calcium ions, blood pressure regulation, and hypertension: A reassessment and a hypothesis","volume":"232","author":"Blaustein","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2002.02911.x","article-title":"Endogenous cardiac glycosides, a new class of steroid hormones","volume":"269","author":"Schoner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06599","article-title":"Endogenous Ouabain: Recent Advances and Controversies","volume":"68","author":"Hamlyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272419","article-title":"Pivotal role of \u03b12 Na+ pumps and their high affinity ouabain binding site in cardiovascular health and disease","volume":"594","author":"Blaustein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(82)90271-5","article-title":"Role of a humoral sodium-potassium pump inhibitor in experimental low renin hypertension","volume":"30","author":"Haddy","year":"1982","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2014.12.005","article-title":"Endogenous Cardiotonic Steroids in Kidney Failure: A Review and an Hypothesis","volume":"22","author":"Hamlyn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.14.6259","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a ouabain-like compound from human plasma","volume":"88","author":"Hamlyn","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.2.784","article-title":"Bovine adrenals contain, in addition to ouabain, a second inhibitor of the sodium pump","volume":"273","author":"Schneider","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.10.1720","article-title":"Human adrenal cells in culture produce both ouabain-like and dihydroouabain-like factors","volume":"48","author":"Clark","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8189","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.17.8189","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization of a ouabain isomer isolated from bovine hypothalamus","volume":"90","author":"Tymiak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200102000-00009","article-title":"Identification of endogenous ouabain in culture supernatant of PC12 cells","volume":"19","author":"Komiyama","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S75","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199322002-00024","article-title":"Characteristics of a ouabain-like factor from Milan hypertensive rats","volume":"22","author":"Ferrandi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)02104-Q","article-title":"Evidence for an endogenous ouabain-like immunoreactive factor in human newborn plasma coeluted with ouabain on HPLC","volume":"57","author":"Balzan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.108.000711","article-title":"Endogenous cardiotonic steroids: Physiology, pharmacology, and novel therapeutic targets","volume":"61","author":"Bagrov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9893","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00031a010","article-title":"Na,K-ATPase inhibitors from bovine hypothalamus and human plasma are different from ouabain: Nanogram scale CD structural analysis","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.12.6654","article-title":"On the structure of endogenous ouabain","volume":"96","author":"Kawamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C3","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00196.2017","article-title":"The pump, the exchanger, and the Holy Spirit: Origins and 40-year evolution of ideas about the ouabain-Na+ pump endocrine system","volume":"314","author":"Blaustein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.36.3.442","article-title":"Mammalian bufadienolide is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex by a pathway that Is independent of cholesterol side-chain cleavage","volume":"36","author":"Dmitrieva","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R529","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00518.2005","article-title":"Rostafuroxin: An ouabain antagonist that corrects renal and vascular Na+-K+-ATPase alterations in ouabain and adducin-dependent hypertension","volume":"290","author":"Ferrari","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJP Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199405000-00008","article-title":"Ouabain-induced hypertension in the rat: Relationships among plasma and tissue ouabain and blood pressure","volume":"12","author":"Manunta","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.03.014","article-title":"Genetics of primary hypertension: The clinical impact of adducin polymorphisms","volume":"1802","author":"Citterio","year":"2010","journal-title":"BBA Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.3","article-title":"Steroid biosynthesis and renal excretion in human essential hypertension: Association with blood pressure and endogenous ouabain","volume":"22","author":"Tripodi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R553","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00648.2005","article-title":"Salt intake and depletion increase circulating levels of endogenous ouabain in normal men","volume":"290","author":"Manunta","year":"2006","journal-title":"AJP Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"51","article-title":"Salt sensitivity, endogenous ouabain and hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Hamlyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000165024.47728.f7","article-title":"Ouabain-like compound changes rapidly on physical exercise in humans and dogs: Effects of beta-blockade and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Bignami, E., Casamassima, N., and Frati, E. (2011). Endogenous Ouabain Changes Rapidly during Cardiac Pulmonary by Pass. J. Steroids Hormon. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1031","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00899.2011","article-title":"How NaCl raises blood pressure: A new paradigm for the pathogenesis of salt-dependent hypertension","volume":"302","author":"Blaustein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H611","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00950.2011","article-title":"Increased arterial smooth muscle Ca2+ signaling, vasoconstriction, and myogenic reactivity in Milan hypertensive rats","volume":"302","author":"Linde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f5315f","article-title":"Relationships among endogenous ouabain, alpha-adducin polymorphisms and renal sodium handling in primary hypertension","volume":"26","author":"Manunta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33306","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402187200","article-title":"Organ hypertrophic signaling within caveolae membrane subdomains triggered by ouabain and antagonized by PST 2238","volume":"279","author":"Ferrandi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0848","article-title":"Endogenous digitalis: Pathophysiologic roles and therapeutic applications","volume":"4","author":"Bagrov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1996.0320","article-title":"Ouabain-induced Hypertrophy in Cultured Cardiac Myocytes is Accompanied by Changes in Expression of Several Late Response Genes","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H919","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00131.2017","article-title":"How does pressure overload cause cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction? High-ouabain affinity cardiac Na+ pumps are crucial","volume":"313","author":"Blaustein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714793","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/714793","article-title":"Endogenous Ouabain: An Old Cardiotonic Steroid as a New Biomarker of Heart Failure and a Predictor of Mortality after Cardiac Surgery","volume":"2015","author":"Simonini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000363301","article-title":"The role of cardiotonic steroids in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy in chronic kidney disease","volume":"128","author":"Pavlovic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01883.x","article-title":"Endogenous ouabain and cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients","volume":"263","author":"Stella","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182741599","article-title":"Preoperative endogenous ouabain predicts acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients","volume":"41","author":"Bignami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu200","article-title":"A new clinical multivariable model that predicts postoperative acute kidney injury: Impact of endogenous ouabain","volume":"29","author":"Simonini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F797","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00248.2013","article-title":"Novel role of ouabain as a cystogenic factor in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease","volume":"305","author":"Blanco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venugopal, J., and Blanco, G. (2017). On the Many Actions of Ouabain: Pro-Cystogenic Effects in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22050729"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15845","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507358102","article-title":"The highly conserved cardiac glycoside binding site of Na,K-ATPase plays a role in blood pressure regulation","volume":"102","author":"Lorenz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H635","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00404.2014","article-title":"Why isn\u2019t endogenous ouabain more widely accepted?","volume":"307","author":"Blaustein","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJP Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2010.03.004","article-title":"The central role of the brain aldosterone-\u201couabain\u201d pathway in salt-sensitive hypertension","volume":"1802","author":"Leenen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3199","article-title":"Ouabain-induced changes in MAP kinase phosphorylation in primary culture of rat cerebellar cells","volume":"34","author":"Lopachev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.01.016","article-title":"Reduction in endogenous cardiac steroids protects the brain from oxidative stress in a mouse model of mania induced by amphetamine","volume":"137","author":"Hodes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-9877(93)90089-9","article-title":"Possible role of endogenous ouabain-like compounds in the pathophysiology of bipolar illness","volume":"41","author":"Christo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12413","article-title":"Endogenous cardiac steroids in animal models of mania","volume":"18","author":"Hodes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.12.021","article-title":"Involvement of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase and endogenous digitalis-like compounds in depressive disorders","volume":"60","author":"Goldstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.05.007","article-title":"Neutralization of endogenous digitalis-like compounds alters catecholamines metabolism in the brain and elicits anti-depressive behavior","volume":"22","author":"Goldstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3109\/10641969809053241","article-title":"Role of the ouabain-like factor and Na-K pump in rat and human genetic hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Ferrandi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000059","article-title":"Rostafuroxin ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in resistance arteries from deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats","volume":"32","author":"Wenceslau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59ra87","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001814","article-title":"Adducin- and ouabain-related gene variants predict the antihypertensive activity of rostafuroxin, part 2: Clinical studies","volume":"2","author":"Lanzani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/7\/1948\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:11:09Z","timestamp":1760195469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/7\/1948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19071948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19071948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]}}}