{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T05:23:14Z","timestamp":1792732994863,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":223,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the authors review the history of the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder, from the first nonspecific sedative agents introduced in the 19th and early 20th century, such as solanaceae alkaloids, bromides and barbiturates, to John Cade\u2019s experiments with lithium and the beginning of the so-called \u201cPsychopharmacological Revolution\u201d in the 1950s. We also describe the clinical studies and development processes, enabling the therapeutic introduction of pharmacological agents currently available for the treatment of bipolar disorder in its different phases and manifestations. Those drugs include lithium salts, valproic acid, carbamazepine, new antiepileptic drugs, basically lamotrigine and atypical antipsychotic agents (olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, asenapine, cariprazine and lurasidone). Finally, the socio-sanitary implications derived from the clinical introduction of these drugs are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,24]],"date-time":"2018-07-24T02:58:56Z","timestamp":1532401136000},"page":"2143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["A History of the Pharmacological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo Jos\u00e9 Cela, C\/Castillo de Alarc\u00f3n 49, 28692 Villanueva de la Ca\u00f1ada, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Avda. C\u00f3rdoba, s\/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Portucalense Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Neurosciences (INPP), Portucalense University, R. Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida 541, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Thematic Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Addictive Disorders Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winston W.","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychiatry, Wan Fang Medical Center and School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 111 Hsin Long Road Section 3, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"D\u2019Ocon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andr\u00e9s, s\/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-4973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilio","family":"\u00c1lamo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences (Pharmacology Area), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcal\u00e1, Crta. de Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33,600, 28871 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Liddell, H.G., and Scott, R. (1940). 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