{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:38:31Z","timestamp":1789799911118,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]],"date-time":"2018-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministero della Salute-Ricerca Finalizzata","award":["RF-2013-02358757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2013-02358757"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing evidence supports a role of vitamin D (VD) in reproductive health. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in the ovary, endometrium, and myometrium. The biological actions of VD in fertility and reproductive tissues have been investigated but mainly using animal models. Conversely, the molecular data addressing the mechanisms underlying VD action in the physiologic endometrium and in endometrial pathologies are still scant. Levels of VDR expression according to the menstrual cycle are yet to be definitively clarified, possibly being lower in the proliferative compared to the secretory phase and in mid-secretory compared to early secretory phase. Endometrial tissue also expresses the enzymes involved in the metabolism of VD. The potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of VD for the treatment of endometriosis have been investigated in recent years. Treatment of ectopic endometrial cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 could significantly reduce cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses. An alteration of VD metabolism in terms of increased 24-hydroxylase mRNA and protein expression has been demonstrated in endometrial cancer, albeit not consistently. The effect of the active form of the vitamin as an anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and differentiation-inducing agent has been demonstrated in various endometrial cancer cell lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T03:33:48Z","timestamp":1533785628000},"page":"2320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Vitamin D and Endometrium: A Systematic Review of a Neglected Area of Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Greta Chiara","family":"Cermisoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Alteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rabellotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Papaleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Vigan\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Maria","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R031534","article-title":"Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin D","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.02.016","article-title":"Extrarenal expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-hydroxylase","volume":"523","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/355446a0","article-title":"Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling","volume":"355","author":"Kliewer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"D820","article-title":"Vitamin D and cancer: Effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs on growth control and tumorigenesis","volume":"6","author":"Hansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"11","article-title":"D-hormone and the immune system","volume":"76","author":"Cantorna","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hii, C.S., and Ferrante, A. (2016). The Non-Genomic Actions of Vitamin D. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8030135"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"756","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in impaired fertility treatment","volume":"34","author":"Grzechocinska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-112-1-200","article-title":"The ovary: A target organ for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"112","author":"Dokoh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/110.8.1573","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D deficiency on fertility and reproductive capacity in the female rat","volume":"110","author":"Halloran","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0897-391","article-title":"Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning","volume":"16","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131029498","article-title":"Targeted ablation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1\u03b1-hydroxylase enzyme: Evidence for skeletal, reproductive, and immune dysfunction","volume":"98","author":"Panda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0336","article-title":"Direct regulation of HOXA10 by 1,25(OH)2D3 in human myelomonocytic cells and human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.6.1415","article-title":"What makes a good case\u2013control study?","volume":"17","author":"Zondervan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0008-5","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"19","author":"Zondervan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1434.014","article-title":"Stem Cells and the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"1127","author":"Sasson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.03.032","article-title":"Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno: A novel, evidence-based, unifying theory for the pathogenesis of endometriosis","volume":"103","author":"Vitale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.08.036","article-title":"Pathogenesis of deep endometriosis","volume":"6","author":"Gordts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00263-8","article-title":"Is endometriosis an endometrial disease?","volume":"91","author":"Vinatier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03797.x","article-title":"Endometrial anomalies in women with endometriosis","volume":"943","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986281","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/986281","article-title":"The pleiotropic effects of vitamin D in gynaecological and obstetric diseases: An overview on a hot topic","volume":"2015","author":"Colonese","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00130-0","article-title":"Endometrial cancer","volume":"387","author":"Morice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deuster, E., Jeschke, U., Ye, Y., Mahner, S., and Czogalla, B. (2017). Vitamin D and VDR in Gynecological Cancers\u2014A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112328"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"938","article-title":"Dietary factors and endometrial cancer risk. Results of a case-control study in Mexico","volume":"15","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-008-9283-x","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins and the risk of endometrial cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Bandera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq114","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of endometrial cancer: Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers","volume":"172","author":"Gallicchio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2003.09.003","article-title":"Expression of nuclear receptors and cofactors in human endometrium and myometrium","volume":"11","author":"Vienonen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01946","article-title":"Cycling and early pregnant endometrium as a site of regulated expression of the vitamin D system","volume":"36","author":"Lattuada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719111415546","article-title":"Nuclear receptor, coregulator signaling, and chromatin remodeling pathways suggest involvement of the epigenome in the steroid hormone response of endometrium and abnormalities in endometriosis","volume":"19","author":"Zelenko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2014.57","article-title":"Role of local bioactivation of vitamin D by CYP27A1 and CYP2R1 in the control of cell growth in normal endometrium and endometrial carcinoma","volume":"94","author":"Pallares","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2006.12.075","article-title":"Expression of 25 hydroxyvitamin D3-1\u03b1-hydroxylase in human endometrial tissue","volume":"103","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2014-1045","article-title":"Cyclic decidualization of the human endometrium in reproductive health and failure","volume":"35","author":"Gellersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.2011.0016","article-title":"Expression of HOXA-10 and HOXA-11 in the endometria of women with idiopathic infertility","volume":"49","author":"Wirstlein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.020651","article-title":"Osteopontin: Roles in implantation and placentation","volume":"69","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-3055-x","article-title":"Vitamin D improves endometrial thickness in PCOS women who need intrauterine insemination: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"289","author":"Asadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.05.027","article-title":"Endometrial signaling pathways during ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction technology","volume":"100","author":"Detti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.10.008","article-title":"Influence of vitamin D levels on in vitro fertilization outcomes in donor-recipient cycles","volume":"101","author":"Rudick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.08.030","article-title":"Impact of circulating levels of total and bioavailable serum vitamin D on pregnancy rate in egg donation recipients","volume":"102","author":"Fabris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.09.029","article-title":"Vitamin D levels do not affect IVF outcomes following the transfer of euploid blastocysts","volume":"212","author":"Franasiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719107304565","article-title":"Relative expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor, vitamin D 1\u03b1-hydroxylase, vitamin D 24-hydroxylase, and vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in endometriosis and gynecologic cancers","volume":"14","author":"Agic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.02.016","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and diseases","volume":"371","author":"Valdivielso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2011.01.006","article-title":"Analysis of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in women with and without endometriosis","volume":"72","author":"Vilarino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7109","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4309","article-title":"Polymorphic variants in vitamin D signaling pathway genes and the risk of endometriosis-associated infertility","volume":"12","author":"Mostowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1301\/nr.2003.jul.227-238","article-title":"Vitamin D and vitamin D analogs as cancer chemopreventive agents","volume":"61","author":"Guyton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1515","article-title":"Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 on Endometriosis","volume":"101","author":"Miyashita","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12463","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 Modulates Endometriosis-Related Features of Human Endometriotic Stromal Cells","volume":"75","author":"Delbandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.011","article-title":"Differential gene expression by 1,25(OH)2D3 in an endometriosis stromal cell line","volume":"173","author":"Ingles","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des150","article-title":"The selective vitamin D receptor agonist, elocalcitol, reduces endometriosis development in a mouse model by inhibiting peritoneal inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Mariani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.06.016","article-title":"Regression of endometrial implants treated with vitamin D3 in a rat model of endometriosis","volume":"715","author":"Abbas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.01.2730","article-title":"1-\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regresses endometriotic implants in rats by inhibiting neovascularization and altering regulation of matrix metalloproteinase","volume":"126","author":"Yildirim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt053","article-title":"The distinguishing cellular and molecular features of the endometriotic ovarian cyst: From pathophysiology to the potential endometrioma-mediated damage to the ovary","volume":"20","author":"Sanchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1996.tb01068.x","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor in endometrial carcinoma and the differentiation-inducing effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on endometrial carcinoma cell lines","volume":"22","author":"Yabushita","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77576","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12725","article-title":"Progesterone potentiates the growth inhibitory effects of calcitriol in endometrial cancer via suppression of CYP24A1","volume":"7","author":"Bokhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.06.005","article-title":"The Vitamin D endocrine system of the gut\u2014Its possible role in colorectal cancer prevention","volume":"97","author":"Cross","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-005-0059-7","article-title":"Expression of VDR and CYP24A1 mRNA in human tumors","volume":"57","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(86)90162-6","article-title":"Responsiveness of human carcinoma cells of gynecologic origin to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol","volume":"155","author":"Christopherson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1993.1264","article-title":"Additive inhibition of RL95-2 endometrial carcinoma cell growth by carboplatin and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"51","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-11-0213","article-title":"Progesterone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibit endometrial cancer cell growth by upregulating semaphorin 3B and semaphorin 3F","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0493","article-title":"Progesterone enhances calcitriol antitumor activity by upregulating vitamin D receptor expression and promoting apoptosis in endometrial cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2016.1271777","article-title":"Effects of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on programmed cell death of Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells through ezrin phosphorylation","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-14-1702","article-title":"Vitamin D suppresses leptin stimulation of cancer growth through microRNA","volume":"74","author":"Kasiappan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"121","article-title":"Silencing of the icb-1 gene inhibits the induction of differentiation-associated genes by vitamin D3 and all-trans retinoic acid in gynecological cancer cells","volume":"28","author":"Haselberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00278-6","article-title":"A novel basement membrane-induced gene identified in the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line HEC1B","volume":"425","author":"Treeck","year":"1998","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480901600102","article-title":"The molecular biology of endometrial cancers and the implications for pathogenesis, classification, and targeted therapies","volume":"16","author":"Bansal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1159\/000453197","article-title":"1\u03b1,25(OH)2D3 Induces Actin Depolymerization in Endometrial Carcinoma Cells by Targeting RAC1 and PAK1","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.3.6561","article-title":"Induction of androgen receptor by 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 9-cis retinoic acid in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells","volume":"140","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2012.01.007","article-title":"A local effect of CYP24 inhibition on lung tumor xenograft exposure to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is revealed using a novel LC-MS\/MS assay","volume":"77","author":"Beumer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0493","article-title":"Inflammation and endometrial cancer: A hypothesis","volume":"14","author":"Modugno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27717","article-title":"Aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol and risk of endometrial cancer: A case-control study, systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2015.12.009","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"140","author":"Verdoodt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24191","article-title":"Progesterone and calcitriol attenuate inflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 in ovarian and endometrial cancer cells","volume":"113","author":"Kavandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/8\/2320\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:17:16Z","timestamp":1760195836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/8\/2320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19082320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19082320","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]}}}