{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T17:20:10Z","timestamp":1793380810460,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]],"date-time":"2018-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melatonin exhibits extraordinary diversity in terms of its functions and distribution. When discovered, it was thought to be uniquely of pineal gland origin. Subsequently, melatonin synthesis was identified in a variety of organs and recently it was shown to be produced in the mitochondria. Since mitochondria exist in every cell, with a few exceptions, it means that every vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant cell produces melatonin. The mitochondrial synthesis of melatonin is not photoperiod-dependent, but it may be inducible under conditions of stress. Mitochondria-produced melatonin is not released into the systemic circulation, but rather is used primarily in its cell of origin. Melatonin\u2019s functions in the mitochondria are highly diverse, not unlike those of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3). SIRT3 is an NAD+-dependent deacetylase which regulates, among many functions, the redox state of the mitochondria. Recent data proves that melatonin and SIRT3 post-translationally collaborate in regulating free radical generation and removal from mitochondria. Since melatonin and SIRT3 have cohabitated in the mitochondria for many eons, we predict that these molecules interact in many other ways to control mitochondrial physiology. It is predicted that these mutual functions will be intensely investigated in the next decade and importantly, we assume that the findings will have significant applications for preventing\/delaying some age-related diseases and aging itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1534764186000},"page":"2439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Melatonin Mitigates Mitochondrial Meltdown: Interactions with SIRT3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Russel J.","family":"Reiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dun Xian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Rosales-Corral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guardalajara, 4436 Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annia","family":"Galano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Antonoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 Mexico D.F., Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Jie","family":"Jou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9680-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Acuna-Castroviejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Granada, Avenida de Conocimiento S\/U, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12391","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12391","article-title":"Melatonin and sirtuins: A \u201cnot-so unexpected\u201d relationship","volume":"62","author":"Mayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otto, G.M., and Brar, G.A. (2018). Seq-ing answers: Uncovering the unexpected in global gene regulation. Curr. Genet., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00294-018-0839-3"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-018-0188-y","article-title":"Same agent, different messages: Insight into transcriptional regulation by SIN3 isoforms","volume":"11","author":"Chaubai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenet. Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gep.2018.04.001","article-title":"Epigenetics modifications in the embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"29","author":"Godini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene Expr. Patterns"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.04.040","article-title":"Gene regulation by melatonin linked to epigenetic phenomena","volume":"503","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402513","article-title":"The key role of epigenetics in human disease prevention and mitigation","volume":"378","author":"Feinberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2018.02.004","article-title":"Synthetic post-translational modification of histones","volume":"45","author":"Nadal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/93.1.37","article-title":"MAR1-a regulator of the HMa and HMalpha loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"93","author":"Klar","year":"1979","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/111.4.745","article-title":"SUM1, an apparent positive regulator of the cryptic mating-type in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"111","author":"Klar","year":"1985","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/116.1.9","article-title":"Four genes responsible for a position effect on expression from HML and HMR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"116","author":"Rine","year":"1987","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e02-03-0175","article-title":"Ordered nucleation and spreading of silenced chromatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"13","author":"Rusche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.525","article-title":"Seven sirtuins for seven deadly diseases of aging","volume":"56","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.11.022","article-title":"Therapeutic role of sirtuins in neurodegeneration disease and their modulation by polyphenols","volume":"73","author":"Ajami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddtec.2012.08.003","article-title":"The controversial world of sirtuins","volume":"12","author":"Dang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.08.001","article-title":"Sirtuins, epigenetics and longevity","volume":"40","author":"Watroba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00729.x","article-title":"Sirtuins, melatonin, and circadian rhythms: Building a bridge between aging and cancer","volume":"48","author":"Reiter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.02.004","article-title":"Role of Sirtuin1-p53 regulatory axis in aging, cancer and cellular reprogramming","volume":"43","author":"Ong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2803","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-129148","article-title":"SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: A connection with age-related neoplasms","volume":"23","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000219","article-title":"Sirtuin-dependent clock control: New advances in metabolism, aging and cancer","volume":"18","author":"Masri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2016.1101","article-title":"Associations among metabolism, circadian rhythms and age-associated diseases","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.01.016","article-title":"The mitochondrial acylome emerges: Proteomics, regulation of sirtuins and metabolic and disease implications","volume":"27","author":"Carrico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2009.09.011","article-title":"Function and regulation of the mitochondrial sirtuin isoform Sirt5 in mammalia","volume":"1804","author":"Gertz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2018.03.006","article-title":"Sirtuins in mitochondrial stress: Indispensable helpers behind the scenes","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8807","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01636-07","article-title":"Mammalian Sir2 homolog SIRT3 regulates global mitochondrial lysine acetylation","volume":"27","author":"Lombard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00022.2011","article-title":"Sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3: Physiological modulators of metabolism","volume":"92","author":"Noqueiras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.07.005","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor as a therapeutic target for cardioprotection","volume":"136","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00011.2014","article-title":"Melatonin: Exceeding expectations","volume":"29","author":"Reiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2609-7","article-title":"Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: One of evolution\u2019s best ideas","volume":"74","author":"Reiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiter, R.J., Tan, D.X., Rosales-Corral, S., Galano, A., Zhou, X.J., and Xu, B. (2018). Mitochondria: Central organelles for melatonin\u2019s antioxidant and anti-aging actions. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020509"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, D.X., Manchester, L.C., Qin, L., and Reiter, R.J. (2016). Melatonin: A mitochondrial-targeting molecule involving mitochondrial proteins and energetics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17122124"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.057","article-title":"SIRT4 inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase and opposes the effects of caloric restriction in pancreatic beta cells","volume":"126","author":"Haigis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2009.12.021","article-title":"Mitochondrial sirtuins","volume":"1804","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2011.01.002","article-title":"Sirt3 promotes the urea cycle and fatty acid oxidation during dietary restriction","volume":"41","author":"Hallows","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"57","article-title":"Melatonin: A potent hydroxyl radical scavenger","volume":"1","author":"Tan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"131","article-title":"The pineal hormone melatonin inhibits DNA-adduct formation induced by the chemical carcinogen safrole in vivo","volume":"157","author":"Tan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90077-G","article-title":"An overview of the relationship between oxidative stress and chemical carcinogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Trush","year":"1991","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1089\/152308603770310202","article-title":"The free radical theory of aging","volume":"5","author":"Harman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00535a029","article-title":"Spin trapping of superoxide and hydroxyl radical: Practical aspects","volume":"102","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.4.9.2189775","article-title":"Role of oxygen free radicals in carcinogenesis and brain ischemia","volume":"4","author":"Floyd","year":"1990","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.12.2842214","article-title":"Pharmacology and function of melatonin receptors","volume":"2","author":"Dubocovich","year":"1988","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90020-R","article-title":"Melatonin receptors: Current status, facts, and hypotheses","volume":"46","author":"Stankov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21831.x","article-title":"Melatonin\u2014A highly potent endogenous radical scavenger and electron donor: New aspects of the oxidation chemistry of this indole assessed in vitro","volume":"738","author":"Poeggeler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1994.tb00119.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of melatonin on cataract formation in newborn rats: Evidence for an antioxidative role for melatonin","volume":"17","author":"Abe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(95)90065-9","article-title":"Melatonin protects human blood lymphocytes from radiation-induced chromosome damage","volume":"346","author":"Vijayalaxmi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00417-Q","article-title":"Potent protective effect of melatonin on in vivo paraquat-induced oxidative damage in rats","volume":"56","author":"Melchiorri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240580406","article-title":"Melatonin administration prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative damage in phenobarbital-treated rats","volume":"58","author":"Sewerynek","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)00101-3","article-title":"Melatonin reduces both basal and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced lipid peroxidation in vitro","volume":"19","author":"Sewerynek","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.12.7672513","article-title":"Melatonin reduces kainate-induced lipid peroxidation in homogenates of different brain regions","volume":"9","author":"Melchiorri","year":"1995","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"898","article-title":"Oxidative damage in the liver induced by ischemia-reperfusion: Protection by melatonin","volume":"43","author":"Sewerynek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(94)00666-0","article-title":"Melatonin: A peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E","volume":"55","author":"Pieri","year":"1994","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(94)00593-V","article-title":"Melatonin is an efficient antioxidant","volume":"20","author":"Pieri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00188.x","article-title":"Exploratory laser flash photolysis study of the free radical reactions and magnetic field effects in melatonin chemistry","volume":"19","author":"Scaiano","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00614-4","article-title":"Reaction of melatonin and related indoles with hydroxyl radicals: EPR and spin trapping investigation","volume":"23","author":"Matuszak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00387.x","article-title":"Melatonin as a hydroxyl radical scavenger","volume":"25","author":"Stasica","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2000.290209.x","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical reaction with melatonin molecule: A computational study","volume":"29","author":"Stasica","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02383723","article-title":"Reactions of melatonin with radicals in deoxygenated aqueous solutions","volume":"232","author":"Stasica","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00018-X","article-title":"Reaction of melatonin with lipoperoxyl radicals in phospholipid bilayers","volume":"23","author":"Livrea","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(98)00099-3","article-title":"Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by melatonin","volume":"1425","author":"Zang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3684","DOI":"10.1021\/jm980117m","article-title":"Reactions of melatonin and related indoles with free radicals: A computational study","volume":"41","author":"Turjanski","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0633.2002.290402.x","article-title":"Scavenging effect of melatonin on hydroxyl radicals generated by alloxan","volume":"29","author":"Peschke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.01.030","article-title":"Melatonin directly scavenges free radicals generated in red blood cells and a cell-free system: Chemiluminescence measurements and theoretical calculations","volume":"79","author":"Zavodnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050305","article-title":"Alloxan acts as a prooxiant only under reducing conditions: Influence of melatonin","volume":"55","author":"Ebelt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00226-3","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of melatonin: A pulse radiolysis study","volume":"26","author":"Mahal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7178","DOI":"10.1039\/c0cp02801k","article-title":"On the direct scavenging activity of melatonin towards hydroxyl and a series of peroxyl radicals","volume":"13","author":"Galano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272820666161024124058","article-title":"Melatonin and related compounds: Chemical insights into their protective effects against oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Galano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00916.x","article-title":"Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: A physicochemical examination","volume":"51","author":"Galano","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.7b01408","article-title":"Low-energy electron interaction with melatonin and related compounds","volume":"121","author":"Pshenichnyuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00164.x","article-title":"Melatonin counteracts lipid peroxidation induced by carbon tetrachloride but does not restore glucose-6 phosphatase activity","volume":"19","author":"Daniels","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.2.354","article-title":"Acutely administered melatonin reduces oxidative damage in lung and brain induced by hyperbaric oxygen","volume":"83","author":"Pablos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"117","article-title":"2-Nitropropane-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA damage: Antitoxic effects of melatonin","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026656720868","article-title":"Melatonin reduces lipid peroxidation and tissue edema in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats","volume":"44","author":"Qi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(99)00128-8","article-title":"Melatonin reduces oxidative neurotoxicity due to quinolinic acid: In vitro and in vivo findings","volume":"39","author":"Cabrera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20001001)88:1<7::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Melatonin reduces the oxidation of nuclear DNA and membrane lipids induced by the carcinogen delta-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"88","author":"Karbownik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.310409.x","article-title":"Increased levels of malondialdehyde and nitrite\/nitrate in blood of asphyxiated newborns: Reduction by melatonin","volume":"31","author":"Fulia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(01)00248-4","article-title":"Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin A in rat liver and kidney","volume":"130","author":"Meki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2004.00142.x","article-title":"Melatonin suppresses reactive oxygen species induced by UV irradiation in leukocytes","volume":"37","author":"Fischer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2004.00124.x","article-title":"Early indicators of chronic lung disease in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome and their inhibition by melatonin","volume":"30","author":"Gitto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-079X.2003.00096.x","article-title":"Melatonin protects against oxidative stress caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in the mouse nigrostriatum","volume":"36","author":"Thomas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2004.00193.x","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin enhances bile flow and ATP levels after cold storage and reperfusion in rat liver: Implications for liver transplantation","volume":"38","author":"Vairetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00311.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of melatonin on diquat-induced lipid peroxidation in vivo assessed by the measurement of F2-isoprostanes","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00695.x","article-title":"Melatonin provides neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress and HSP70 expression during chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in ovariectomized rats","volume":"47","author":"Ozacmak","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00755.x","article-title":"Role of melatonin on mucosal gastroprotection against aspirin-induced gastric lesions in humans","volume":"48","author":"Konturek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00792.x","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin against Opisthorchis viverrini-induced oxidative and nitrosative damage and liver injury in hamsters","volume":"49","author":"Laothong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2010.00805.x","article-title":"The mechanisms for the neuroprotective effect of melatonin against methamphetamine-induced autophagy","volume":"49","author":"Nopparat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12176","article-title":"Mitochondrial catastrophe during doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A review of the protective role of melatonin","volume":"57","author":"Govender","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.12.007","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative damage induced by Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) venom in rats","volume":"143","author":"Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12202","article-title":"Melatonin decreases muscular oxidative stress and inflammation induced by strenuous exercise and stimulates growth factor synthesis","volume":"58","author":"Dermargos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12191","article-title":"Melatonin blunts the mitochondrial\/NLRP3 connection and protects against radiation-induced mucositis","volume":"58","author":"Ortiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.108","article-title":"Melatonin effects on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: Impact on the outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery","volume":"221","author":"Dwaich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12310","article-title":"Melatonin prevents abnormal mitochondrial dynamics resulting from the neurotoxicity of cadmium by blocking calcium-dependent translocation of Drp1 to the mitochondria","volume":"60","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12682","article-title":"A review of the protective role of melatonin during phosphine-induced cardiotoxicity: Focus on mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"69","author":"Asghari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604244","article-title":"Melatonin and neonatal sepsis: A promising antioxidant adjuvant agent","volume":"34","author":"Marseglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.05.018","article-title":"Usefulness of early treatment with melatonin to reduce infarct size in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (from the melatonin adjunct in the acute myocardial infarction treated with angioplasty trial)","volume":"120","author":"Piccolo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12395","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12395","article-title":"Pre-ischemia melatonin treatment alleviated acute neuronal injury after ischemic stroke by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent autophagy via PERK and IRE1 signaling","volume":"62","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2017.071","article-title":"Melatonin rescues mesenchymal stem cells from senescence induced by the uremic toxin p-cresol via inhibiting mTOR-dependent autophagy","volume":"26","author":"Yun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther. (Seoul)"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13931","article-title":"Melatonin protects against arsenic trioxide-induced liver injury by the upregulation of Nrf2 expression through the activation of Pl3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Espino, J., Rodriguez, A.B., and Pariente, J.A. (2018). Melatonin and oxidative stress in the diabetic state: Clinical implications and potential therapeutic applications. Curr. Med. Chem., in press."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.12.017","article-title":"Melatonin protects mouse spermatogonial stem cells against hexavalent chromium-induced apoptosis and epigenetic histone modifications","volume":"340","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/icvts\/ivx440","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interact. Cardiovasc. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.1996.11747046","article-title":"Melatonin and structurally-related, endogenous indoles act as potent electron donors and radical scavengers in vitro","volume":"2","author":"Poeggeler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1","article-title":"The key role of the sequential proton loss electron transfer mechanism on the free radical scavenging activity of some melatonin-related compounds","volume":"139","author":"Galano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Chem. Acc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galano, A., Tan, D.X., and Reiter, R.J. (2018). Melatonin: A versatile protector against oxidative DNA damage. Molecule, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23030530"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00918-6","article-title":"Antioxidant role of melatonin in lipid peroxidation of human LDL","volume":"413","author":"Abuja","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00168-3","article-title":"On the antioxidant activity of melatonin","volume":"26","author":"Antunes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(96)00046-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of melatonin in vitro","volume":"21","author":"Marshall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2006.00407.x","article-title":"One molecule, many derivatives: A never-ending interaction of melatonin with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species?","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00701.x","article-title":"Kynuramines, metabolites of melatonin and other indoles: The resurrection of an almost forgotten class of biogenic amines","volume":"47","author":"Hardeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80016-8","article-title":"The significance of the metabolism of the neurohormone melatonin: Antioxidative protection and formation of bioactive substances","volume":"17","author":"Hardeland","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357022250","article-title":"Free radical scavenging and antioxidative activity of melatonin derivatives","volume":"55","author":"Tsia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0309fje","article-title":"N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine, a biogenic amine and melatonin metabolite, functions as a potent antioxidant","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00435-4","article-title":"Melatonin directly scavenges hydrogen peroxide: A potentially new metabolic pathway of melatonin biotransformation","volume":"29","author":"Tan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12010","article-title":"On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin\u2019s metabolites, AFMK and AMK","volume":"54","author":"Galano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00361.x","article-title":"The interaction of melatonin and its precursors with aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc: An absorptive voltammetric study","volume":"24","author":"Limson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12196","article-title":"Melatonin and its metabolites as copper chelating agents and their role in inhibiting oxidative stress: A physicochemical study","volume":"58","author":"Galano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(94)00154-M","article-title":"Melatonin stimulates brain glutathione peroxidase activity","volume":"26","author":"Reiter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1995.tb00178.x","article-title":"Melatonin stimulates the activity of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione peroxidase in several tissues of chicks","volume":"19","author":"Pablos","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(97)00043-0","article-title":"Rhythms of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in brain of chick and their inhibition by light","volume":"32","author":"Pablos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.10.8.8666165","article-title":"Neurohormone melatonin prevents cell damage: Effect on gene expression for antioxidant enzymes","volume":"10","author":"Antolin","year":"1996","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1998.tb00371.x","article-title":"Melatonin increases gene expression for antioxidant enzymes in rat brain cortex","volume":"24","author":"Kotler","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"49","article-title":"Both melatonin and a putative nuclear melatonin receptor agonist CGP 52608 stimulate glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in mouse brain in vivo","volume":"18","author":"Pablos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02253360","article-title":"Actions of melatonin in the reduction of oxidative stress: A review","volume":"7","author":"Reiter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-079X.2003.00092.x","article-title":"Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: A significant role for melatonin","volume":"36","author":"Rodriquez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"373","article-title":"The universal nature, unequal distribution and antioxidant functions of melatonin and its derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Reiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011777747","article-title":"Individual and synergistic antioxidative actions of melatonin: Studies with vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione and desferrioxamine (desferoxamine) in rat liver homogenates","volume":"53","author":"Gitto","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"149","article-title":"Melatonin enhances antioxidant action of \u03b1-tocopherol and ascorbate against NADPH- and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in human placental mitochondria","volume":"49","author":"Milczarek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2016.1091882","article-title":"Quinone reductase 2 as a promising target of melatonin therapeutic actions","volume":"20","author":"Boutin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:27:2:119","article-title":"Antioxidant protection by melatonin: Multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance","volume":"27","author":"Hardeland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2615-9","article-title":"Melatonin and the electron transport chain","volume":"74","author":"Hardeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01543a060","article-title":"Isolation of melatonin, the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes","volume":"80","author":"Lerner","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)45266-5","article-title":"Control of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase activity in the rat pineal gland by environmental lighting","volume":"240","author":"Axelrod","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490110107","article-title":"Concurrent determination of enzymatic activities and substrate concentrations in the melatonin synthetic pathway within the same rat pineal gland","volume":"11","author":"Champney","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(72)90231-6","article-title":"Ocular distribution of hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)","volume":"18","author":"Cardinali","year":"1972","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-91-1-247","article-title":"Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferases in rat pineal, retina and Harderian gland","volume":"91","author":"Cardinali","year":"1972","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"311","article-title":"Origin of cerebrospinal fluid melatonin and possible function in the integration of photoperiod","volume":"61","author":"Tricoire","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0719-7","article-title":"Delivery of pineal melatonin to the brain and SCN: Role of canaliculi, cerebrospinal fluid, tanycytes and Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces","volume":"219","author":"Reiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12134","article-title":"Melatonin from cerebrospinal fluid but not from blood reaches sheep cerebral tissues under physiological conditions","volume":"26","author":"Legros","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/203087a0","article-title":"Flow of blood to the pineal body of the rat","volume":"203","author":"Goldman","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001430302","article-title":"Ultrastructural observations at pineal gland capillaries in four rodent species","volume":"143","author":"Matsushima","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000046903","article-title":"Localization, physiological significance and possible clinical implications of gastrointestinal melatonin","volume":"10","author":"Bubenik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Signals Recept."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01451037","article-title":"Melatonin excretion of man and rats: Effect of time of day, sleep, Pinealectomy and food consumption","volume":"19","author":"Lynch","year":"1975","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-110-3-997","article-title":"Light exposure reduces and pinealectomy virtually stops urinary excretion of 6-hydroxymelatonin by rhesus monkeys","volume":"110","author":"Tetsno","year":"1982","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1159\/000123997","article-title":"Bioavailability of oral melatonin in humans","volume":"39","author":"Waldhauser","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1987.tb00874.x","article-title":"Metabolism pharmacokinetics of melatonin in the ewe","volume":"4","author":"English","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00519-6","article-title":"High physiological levels of melatonin in the bile of mammals","volume":"65","author":"Tan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.05.016","article-title":"Melatonin and the ovary: Physiological and pathophysiological implications","volume":"92","author":"Tamura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12234","article-title":"Daily differential expression of melatonin-related genes and clock genes in rat cumulus-oocyte complex: Changes after pinealectomy","volume":"58","author":"Coelho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, C., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, M., Li, Y., Tian, X., Ma, T., Tao, J., Zhu, K., and Song, Y. (2016). Mitochondria synthesize melatonin to ameliorate its function and improve mice oocyte\u2019s quality under in vitro conditions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060939"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-42-4-752","article-title":"Nocturnal elevation of plasma melatonin and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in young men: Attempts at modification by brief changes in environmental lighting and sleep and by autonomic drugs","volume":"42","author":"Vaughan","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00856.x","article-title":"A survey of molecular details in the human pineal gland in the light of phylogeny, structure function and chronobiological diseases","volume":"51","author":"Stehle","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.05.006","article-title":"Melatonin is a redundant entraining signal in the rat circadian system","volume":"83","author":"Houdek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2016.1179284","article-title":"Melatonin receptors as therapeutic targets in the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"20","author":"Pevet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2017.05.013","article-title":"Synchronizing effects of melatonin on diurnal and circadian rhythms","volume":"258","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.06.014","article-title":"Melatonin and the circadian system: Contributions to successful female reproduction","volume":"102","author":"Reiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2741\/S404","article-title":"Melatonin and clock genes expression in the cardiovascular system","volume":"5","author":"Zerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt054","article-title":"Melatonin and stable circadian rhythms optimize maternal, placental and fetal physiology","volume":"20","author":"Reiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"128","article-title":"Melatonin and circadian oscillators in aging\u2014A dynamic approach to the multiply connected players","volume":"40","author":"Hardeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Top. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"430","article-title":"Neuroendocrine, immune and oxidative stress in shift workers","volume":"17","author":"Faraut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Dev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5645","article-title":"Skin, reactive oxygen species, and circadian clocks","volume":"20","author":"Ndiaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12360","article-title":"Melatonin as an antioxidant: Under promises but over delivers","volume":"61","author":"Reiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jazwinski, S.M., Belancio, V.P., and Hill, S.M. (2017). Circadian dysregulation and melatonin rhythm suppression in the context of aging. Circadian Rhythms and Their Impact on Aging, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64543-8"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01244781","article-title":"Neither the pituitary gland nor the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for eliciting the large drop in elevated rat pineal melatonin levels due to swimming","volume":"74","author":"Troini","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-187-42670","article-title":"Day-night differences in the response of the pineal gland to swimming stress","volume":"187","author":"Wu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2630273","article-title":"Brain chemiluminescence and oxidative stress in hyperthyroid rats","volume":"263","author":"Adamo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199010040-00003","article-title":"Biochemical mechanisms for oxygen free radical formation during exercise","volume":"10","author":"Sjodin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2009.00721.x","article-title":"Visualization of melatonin\u2019s multiple mitochondrial levels of protection against mitochondrial Ca(2+)-mediated permeability transition and beyond in rat brain astrocytes","volume":"48","author":"Jou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2004.00140.x","article-title":"Visualization of the antioxidant effects of melatonin at the mitochondrial level during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of rat brain astrocytes","volume":"37","author":"Jou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00490.x","article-title":"Melatonin protects against common deletion of mitochondrial DNA-augmented mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"43","author":"Jou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2001.300201.x","article-title":"Melatonin, mitochondria, and cellular bioenergetics","volume":"30","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2741\/2116","article-title":"Melatonin role in the mitochondrial function","volume":"12","author":"Escames","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12026","article-title":"Mitochondria and chloroplasts as the original sites of melatonin synthesis: A hypothesis related to melatonin\u2019s primary function and evolution in eukaryotes","volume":"54","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_172","first-page":"21","article-title":"Symbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic organelles: Criteria for proof","volume":"29","author":"Margulis","year":"1975","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.07.055","article-title":"Endosymbiosis and eukaryotic cell evolution","volume":"25","author":"Archibald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"391","article-title":"Melatonin immunoreactivity in the photosynthetic prokaryote Rhodospirillum rubrum: Implications for an ancient antioxidant system","volume":"41","author":"Manchester","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.1997.tb00310.x","article-title":"Melatonin production in an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium: An evolutionarily early association with darkness","volume":"22","author":"Tilden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konopelski, P., and Ufnal, M. (2018). Indoles\u2014Gut bacteria metabolites of tryptophan with pharmacotherapeutic potential. Curr. Drug Metab., in press.","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200219666180427164731"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00931.x","article-title":"Extrapineal melatonin: Analysis of its subcellular distribution and daily fluctuations","volume":"52","author":"Venegas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12210","article-title":"Melatonin uptake through glucose transporters: A new target for melatonin inhibition of cancer","volume":"58","author":"Hevia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14655","article-title":"Molecular basis of ligand recognition and transport by glucose transporters","volume":"526","author":"Deng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12390","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12390","article-title":"Human transporters, PEPT1\/2, facilitate melatonin transportation into mitochondria of cancer cells: An implication of the therapeutic potential","volume":"62","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"259","article-title":"Cytochemical investigation of acetyl-serotonin-transferase activity in the pineal gland","volume":"25","author":"Kerenyi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Incl. Cyto-Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"E1944","article-title":"Dual role of mitochondria in producing melatonin and driving GPCR signaling to block cytochrome C release","volume":"115","author":"Suofu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2000.280407.x","article-title":"Melatonin-induced increased activity of the respiratory chain complexes I and IV can prevent mitochondrial damage induced by ruthenium red in vivo","volume":"28","author":"Martin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12147","article-title":"Melatonin improves mitochondrial function in inguinal white adipose tissue of Zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"57","author":"Reiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2174\/156802611794863517","article-title":"Melatonin-mitochondria interplay in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Lopez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"3681","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin on ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial damage and hemodynamic recovery in rats","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666141209160556","article-title":"Melatonin redox activity. Its potential clinical applications in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"15","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skobowiat, C., Brozyna, A.A., Janyetovic, Z., Jeayeng, S., Oak, A.S.W., Kim, T.K., Panich, U., Reiter, R.J., and Slominski, A.T. (2018). Melatonin and its derivatives counteract the ultraviolet B radiation-induced damage in human and porcine skin ex vivo. J. Pineal Res., e312501.","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12501"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2005.00295.x","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress in rabbits","volume":"40","author":"Winiarska","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00131-8","article-title":"Melatonin induces gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase mediated by activator protein-1 in human vascular endothelial cells","volume":"27","author":"Urata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0117","article-title":"Potential benefits of melatonin in organ transplantation: A review","volume":"229","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00532.x","article-title":"Melatonin antagonizes the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via mitochondrial targeting of Bcl-2","volume":"44","author":"Radogna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2014-0016","article-title":"Protective actions of melatonin and growth hormone on the aged cardiovascular system","volume":"18","author":"Paredes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12264","article-title":"Melatonin and endoplasmic reticulum stress: Relation to autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"59","author":"Fernandez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2618-6","article-title":"Melatonin and mitochondrial function during ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"74","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy003","article-title":"Sirtuins in gamete biology and reproductive physiology: Emerging roles and therapeutic potential in female and male infertility","volume":"24","author":"Tatone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advms.2015.09.003","article-title":"The role of sirtuins in aging and age-related diseases","volume":"61","author":"Watroba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/10409238.2018.1458071","article-title":"Functions of the sirtuin deacylase SIRT5 in normal physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"53","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.05.023","article-title":"Sirtuin 1 modulates cellular responses to hypoxia by deacetylating hypoxia-inducible factor 1\u03b1","volume":"38","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670815","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1670815","article-title":"DNA methylation and the potential role of methyl-containing nutrients in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"2017","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"2758","article-title":"Sirt3 blocks the cardiac hypertrophic response by augmenting Foxo3a-dependent antioxidant defense mechanisms in mice","volume":"119","author":"Sundaresan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.002","article-title":"SIRT3 deacetylates FOXO3 to protect mitochondria against oxidative damage","volume":"63","author":"Tseng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2016.1214257","article-title":"Lipid prolife, inflammation, and oxidative status in peri- and postmenopausal women","volume":"32","author":"Chaib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000755","article-title":"Aging ovary and the role for advanced glycation end products","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2007.00524.x","article-title":"Oxidative stress impairs oocyte quality and melatonin protects oocytes from free radical damage and improves fertilization rate","volume":"44","author":"Tamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199417000132","article-title":"Cigarette smoke is associated with altered expression of antioxidant enzymes in granulosa cells from women undergoing in vitro fertilization","volume":"25","author":"Budani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0101","article-title":"Very low doses of heavy oxygen ion radiation induce premature ovarian failure","volume":"154","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101252","article-title":"Melatonin prevents postovulatory oocyte aging and promotes subsequent embryonic development in the pig","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12970","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin on the in vitro developmental competence of bovine oocytes","volume":"89","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12431","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12431","article-title":"Melatonin protects against maternal obesity-associated oxidative stress and meiotic defects in oocytes via the SIRT3-SOD2-dependent pathway","volume":"63","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35165","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35165","article-title":"Melatonin improves age-induced fertility decline and attenuates ovarian mitochondrial oxidative stress in mice","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12381","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12381","article-title":"Long term melatonin treatment delays ovarian aging","volume":"62","author":"Tamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2014.934275","article-title":"A review of melatonin in hepatic ischemia\/reperfusion injury and clinical liver disease","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"B5054","article-title":"Oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers of ischemia and reperfusion injuries","volume":"62","author":"Halladin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1182020","article-title":"The antioxidant property of melatonin against brain ischemia","volume":"16","author":"Paterniti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41337","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41337","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in type 1 diabetic rats by preserving mitochondrial function: Role of AMPK-PGC-1\u03b1-SIRT3 signaling","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12419","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12419","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury through SIRT3-dependent regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"63","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12418","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12418","article-title":"Melatonin protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy through Mst1\/Sirt 3 signaling","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207","article-title":"Arthrosclerosis\u2014An inflammatory disease","volume":"340","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.70.838","article-title":"Strong correlation between serum levels of inflammatory mediators and their distribution in infarct-related coronary artery","volume":"70","author":"Yip","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-6374(99)00058-5","article-title":"Augmentation of indices of oxidative damage in life-long melatonin-deficient rats","volume":"110","author":"Reiter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Rev."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12128","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress and in preserving the fluidity of biological membranes: A review","volume":"56","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12489","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12489","article-title":"Daily melatonin protects the endothelial lineage and functions integrity against the aging process, oxidative stress, and toxic environment and restores blood flow in critical limb ischemia area in mice","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, H.A., Leite Ade, S., Charone, S., Lobo, J.G., Cestari, T.M., Peres-Buzalaf, C., and Buzalaf, M.A. (2013). Proteomic analysis of liver in rats chronically exposed to fluoride. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/54b8fb45-bb22-469e-96b3-77e99ba62b77"},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"532969","article-title":"Effects of melatonin and epiphyseal proteins on fluoride-induced adverse changes in antioxidant status of heart, liver, and kidney of rat","volume":"2014","author":"Bharti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.005","article-title":"Melatonin-mediated upregulation of Sirt3 attenuates sodium fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity by activating the MT1-PI3K\/AKT-PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway","volume":"112","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2015.1067806","article-title":"Melatonin protects hepatocytes against bile-acid-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress via the AMPK-SIRT3-SOD2 pathway","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.00018.x","article-title":"Melatonin exerts a therapeutic effect on cholestatic liver injury in rats with bile duct ligation","volume":"34","author":"Ohta","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.03.006","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol protects against alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced hepatotoxicity in rats less effectively than melatonin","volume":"161","author":"Ohta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0135-0_63","article-title":"Mitochondrial regulation by melatonin and its metabolites","volume":"527","author":"Escames","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2610-1","article-title":"Melatonin, clock genes and mitochondria in sepsis","volume":"74","author":"Rahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450111314060007","article-title":"Structure and evolution of human sirtuins","volume":"14","author":"Bordo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.01.124","article-title":"Sirt3 controls chromosome alignment by regulating spindle dynamics during mitosis","volume":"444","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1159\/000354382","article-title":"SIRT3: As simple as it seems","volume":"60","author":"Lombard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2015.06.001","article-title":"SIRT3 regulates progression and development of diseases of aging","volume":"26","author":"McDonnel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6682","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics are linked to longevity and protect from end-organ injury: The emerging role of sirtuin 3","volume":"25","author":"Benigni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160685","article-title":"Mitochondrial sirtuins in cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"131","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00048","article-title":"Forever young: SIRT3 a shield against mitochondrial meltdown, aging, and neurodegeneration","volume":"5","author":"Kincaid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Aging. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2012.08.007","article-title":"SIRT3 regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress","volume":"48","author":"Bause","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2612-z","article-title":"Melatonin, mitochondria and the cancer cell","volume":"74","author":"Proietti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12447","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12447","article-title":"Dynamin-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial fission contributes to the post-traumatic cardiac dysfunction in rats and the protective effect of melatonin","volume":"64","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_242","first-page":"45","article-title":"Role of SIRT3\/SOD2 signaling in mediating the antioxidant actions of melatonin in mitochondria","volume":"9","author":"Reiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2619-5","article-title":"Mitochondrial bioenergetics decay in aging: Beneficial effect of melatonin","volume":"74","author":"Paradies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/8\/2439\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:19:27Z","timestamp":1760195967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/8\/2439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]]},"references-count":243,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19082439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19082439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]]}}}