{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:18:51Z","timestamp":1776143931509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No: 2012\/05\/B\/NZ5\/01859"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No: 2012\/05\/B\/NZ5\/01859"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Impaired regeneration of airway epithelium may lead to persistence of inflammation and remodelling. Regeneration of injured epithelium is a complex phenomenon and the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the stimulation of respiratory virus products in this process has not been established. Objective: This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the wound repair process in airway epithelium is modulated by microbial products via toll-like receptors. Methods: Injured and not-injured bronchial epithelial cells (ECs) (BEAS-2B line) were incubated with the TLR agonists poly(I:C), lipopolisacharide (LPS), allergen Der p1, and supernatants from virus-infected epithelial cells, either alone or in combination with TLR inhibitors. Regeneration and immune response in injured and not-injured cells were studied. Results: Addition of either poly(I:C) or LPS to ECs induced a marked inhibition of wound repair. Supernatants from RV1b-infected cells also decreased regeneration. Preincubation of injured and not-injured ECs with TLR inhibitors decreased LPS and poly(I:C)-induced repair inhibition. TGF-\u03b2 and RANTES mRNA expression was higher in injured ECs and IFN-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b2, IL-8, and VEGF mRNA expression was lower in damaged epithelium as compared to not-injured. Stimulation with poly(I:C) increased IFN-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b2 mRNA expression in injured cells, and LPS stimulation decreased interferons mRNA expression both in not-injured and injured ECs. Conclusion: Regeneration of the airway epithelium is modulated by microbial products via toll-like receptors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T11:23:06Z","timestamp":1534764186000},"page":"2456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Toll-Like Receptor Agonists Modulate Wound Regeneration in Airway Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Lewandowska-Polak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Brauncajs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Medical Laboratory Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marzanna","family":"Jarz\u0119bska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Pawe\u0142czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Kurowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Cha\u0142ubi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Makowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek L.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Allergy, Chair of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-1944","article-title":"Epithelial injury and repair in airways diseases","volume":"144","author":"Grainge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465810396539","article-title":"The airway epithelium: More than just a structural barrier","volume":"5","author":"Tam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther. 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