{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:23:28Z","timestamp":1788837808107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immunosuppression may occur for a number of reasons related to an individual\u2019s frailty, debility, disease or from therapeutic iatrogenic intervention or misadventure. A large percentage of morbidity and mortality in immunodeficient populations is related to an inadequate response to infectious agents with slow response to antibiotics, enhancements of antibiotic resistance in populations, and markedly increased prevalence of acute inflammatory response, septic and infection related death. Given known relationships between intracellular calcium ion concentrations and cytotoxicity and cellular death, we looked at currently available data linking blockade of calcium ion channels and potential decrease in expression of sepsis among immunosuppressed patients. Notable are relationships between calcium, calcium channel, vitamin D mechanisms associated with sepsis and demonstration of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that may utilize channels sensitive to calcium channel blocker. We note that sepsis shock syndrome represents loss of regulation of inflammatory response to infection and that vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor, and klotho interact with sepsis defense mechanisms in which movement of calcium and phosphorus are part of the process. Given these observations we consider that further investigation of the effect of relatively inexpensive calcium channel blockade agents of infections in immunosuppressed populations might be worthwhile.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]],"date-time":"2018-08-21T11:12:42Z","timestamp":1534849962000},"page":"2465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Calcium Ion Channels: Roles in Infection and Sepsis Mechanisms of Calcium Channel Blocker Benefits in Immunocompromised Patients at Risk for Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"D\u2019Elia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Cambridge, 521 Mount Auburn Street Watertown, MA 02472, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1357-9528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry A.","family":"Weinrauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Kidney and Hypertension Section, Joslin Diabetes Center, Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston and Cambridge, 521 Mount Auburn Street Watertown, MA 02472, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12419","article-title":"Antihypertensive agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system, and the risk of sepsis","volume":"78","author":"Dial","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. 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