{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:11:57Z","timestamp":1790629917787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]],"date-time":"2018-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since its association with familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in 2000, Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor II (BMPR2) and its related signaling pathway have become recognized as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular homeostasis. Herein, we define BMPR2 deficiency as either an inactivation of the receptor, decreased receptor expression, or an impairment of the receptor\u2019s downstream signaling pathway. Although traditionally the phenotypic consequences of BMPR2 deficiency in PAH have been thought to be limited to the pulmonary vasculature, there is evidence that abnormalities in BMPR2 signaling may have consequences in many other organ systems and cellular compartments. Revisiting how BMPR2 functions throughout health and disease in cells and organs beyond the lung vasculature may provide insight into the contribution of these organ systems to PAH pathogenesis as well as the potential systemic manifestation of PAH. Here we review our knowledge of the consequences of BMPR2 deficiency across multiple organ systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]],"date-time":"2018-08-24T11:13:45Z","timestamp":1535109225000},"page":"2499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Consequences of BMPR2 Deficiency in the Pulmonary Vasculature and Beyond: Contributions to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Andruska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edda","family":"Spiekerkoetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1086\/303059","article-title":"Familial primary pulmonary hypertension (gene PPH1) is caused by mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II gene","volume":"67","author":"Deng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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