{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:41:03Z","timestamp":1790660463719,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["NNX15AE86G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AE86G"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Astronauts are reported to have experienced some impairment in visual acuity during their mission on the International Space Station (ISS) and after they returned to Earth. There is emerging evidence that changes in vision may involve alterations in ocular structure and function. To investigate possible mechanisms, changes in protein expression profiles and oxidative stress-associated apoptosis were examined in mouse ocular tissue after spaceflight. Nine-week-old male C57BL\/6 mice (n = 12) were launched from the Kennedy Space Center on a SpaceX rocket to the ISS for a 35-day mission. The animals were housed in the mouse Habitat Cage Unit (HCU) in the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) \u201cKibo\u201d facility on the ISS. The flight mice lived either under an ambient microgravity condition (\u00b5g) or in a centrifugal habitat unit that produced 1 g artificial gravity (\u00b5g + 1 g). Habitat control (HC) and vivarium control mice lived on Earth in HCUs or normal vivarium cages, respectively. Quantitative assessment of ocular tissue demonstrated that the \u00b5g group induced significant apoptosis in the retina vascular endothelial cells compared to all other groups (p &lt; 0.05) that was 64% greater than that in the HC group. Proteomic analysis showed that many key pathways responsible for cell death, cell repair, inflammation, and metabolic stress were significantly altered in \u00b5g mice compared to HC animals. Additionally, there were more significant changes in regulated protein expression in the \u00b5g group relative to that in the \u00b5g + 1 g group. These data provide evidence that spaceflight induces retinal apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells and changes in retinal protein expression related to cellular structure, immune response and metabolic function, and that artificial gravity (AG) provides some protection against these changes. These retinal cellular responses may affect blood\u2013retinal barrier (BRB) integrity, visual acuity, and impact the potential risk of developing late retinal degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T12:19:06Z","timestamp":1535458746000},"page":"2546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Impact of Spaceflight and Artificial Gravity on the Mouse Retina: Biochemical and Proteomic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-8689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao W.","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Byrum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA."},{"name":"Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina C.","family":"Nishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Pecaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayalakshmi","family":"Sridharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Boerma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Tackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA."},{"name":"Arkansas Children\u2019s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3808-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dai","family":"Shiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaki","family":"Shirakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Delp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.021","article-title":"Optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and hyperopic shifts observed in astronauts after long-duration space flight","volume":"118","author":"Mader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3309.1","article-title":"Space flight environment induces mitochondrial oxidative damage in ocular tissue","volume":"180","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiat. 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