{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T23:11:42Z","timestamp":1788649902354,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a systemic, autoimmune, interferon (IFN)-mediated inflammatory muscle disorder that affects children younger than 18 years of age. JDM primarily affects the skin and the skeletal muscles. Interestingly, the role of viral infections has been hypothesized. Mammalian 2\u2032-5\u2032-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) genes have been thoroughly characterized as components of the IFN-induced antiviral system, and they are connected to several innate immune-activated diseases. The main purpose of the paper is to define the potential interrelationship between the OAS gene family network and the molecular events that characterize JDM along with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecular pathways. Methods: We analyzed three microarray datasets obtained from the NCBI in order to verify the expression levels of the OAS gene family network in muscle biopsies (MBx) of JDM patients compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, From GSE51392, we decided to select significant gene expression profiles of primary nasal and bronchial epithelial cells isolated from healthy subjects and treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular pattern associated with viral infection. Results: The analysis showed that all OAS genes were modulated in JDM muscle biopsies. Furthermore, 99% of OASs gene family networks were significantly upregulated. Of importance, 39.9% of modulated genes in JDM overlapped with those of primary epithelial cells treated with poly(I:C). Moreover, the microarray analysis showed that the double-stranded dsRNA virus gene network was highly expressed. In addition, we showed that the innate\/adaptive immunity markers were significantly expressed in JDM muscles biopsies. and that their levels were positively correlated to OAS gene family expression. Conclusion: OAS gene expression is extremely modulated in JDM as well as in the dsRNA viral gene network. These data lead us to speculate on the potential involvement of a viral infection as a trigger moment for this systemic autoimmune disease. Further in vitro and translational studies are needed to verify this hypothesis in order to strategically plan treatment interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]],"date-time":"2018-09-17T10:42:20Z","timestamp":1537180940000},"page":"2786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Expression of the OAS Gene Family Is Highly Modulated in Subjects Affected by Juvenile Dermatomyositis, Resembling an Immune Response to a dsRNA Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-8890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Musumeci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-2456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Castrogiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignazio","family":"Barbagallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Tibullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Stada Statale 113, C.da Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Nunnari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Francesco","family":"Pellican\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piero","family":"Pavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University-Hospital \u201cPoliclinico-Vittorio Emanuele\u201d, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Caltabiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, Section of Pathologic Anatomy, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5075-4597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \u201cV. Tiberio\u201d, University of Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-4163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Imbesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1837-9325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelino","family":"Di Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X11424460","article-title":"Juvenile dermatomyositis: New insights and new treatment strategies","volume":"4","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. 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