{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:43:16Z","timestamp":1769596996247,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland","award":["KNW-1-034\/K\/7\/0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KNW-1-034\/K\/7\/0"]}]},{"name":"National Science Center","award":["SYMFONIA 2014\/12\/W\/ST5\/00589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SYMFONIA 2014\/12\/W\/ST5\/00589"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin B12 deficiency causes significant changes in cellular metabolism leading to various clinical symptoms, such as hematological, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. We hypothesize that skin pigmentation disorders may be a diagnostically important manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency, however the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on melanocytes homeostasis. Hypocobalaminemia in vitro model was developed by treating epidermal melanocytes with synthesized vitamin B12 antagonist\u2014hydroxycobalamin(c-lactam). The cells were examined using immunoenzymatic, spectrophotometric, and fluorimetric assays as well as image cytometry. Significant melanogenesis stimulation\u2014the increase of relative melanin content and tyrosinase activity up to 131% and 135%, respectively\u2014has been indicated. Cobalamin-deficient cells displayed the elevation (by 120%) in reactive oxygen species level. Moreover, the redox status imbalance was stated. The study provided a scientific evidence for melanocytes homeostasis disturbance under hypocobalaminemia, thus indicating a significant element of the hyperpigmentation mechanism due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Furthermore, the implication between pigmentary and hematological and\/or neuropsychiatric symptoms in cobalamin-deficient patients may be an important issue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T10:50:31Z","timestamp":1537354231000},"page":"2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vitamin B12 Deficiency Induces Imbalance in Melanocytes Homeostasis\u2014A Cellular Basis of Hypocobalaminemia Pigmentary Manifestations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Rzepka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michalina","family":"Respondek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Rok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2247-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Beberok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"\u00d3 Proinsias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5197-4222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Gryko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Science, Kasprzaka 44\/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Wrze\u015bniok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5114521","article-title":"Cobalamin deficiency: Clinical picture and radiological findings","volume":"5","author":"Briani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2337\/diaclin.33.2.90","article-title":"Metformin with either histamine H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors: A polypharmacy recipe for neuropathy via vitamin B12 depletion","volume":"33","author":"Zdilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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