{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:44:16Z","timestamp":1791891856335,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1537488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-13-1-0047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-13-1-0047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012640","name":"ExxonMobil Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S18200000000256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S18200000000256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012640","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper tells the story of how hormesis became recognized as a fundamental concept in biology, affecting toxicology, microbiology, medicine, public health, agriculture, and all areas related to enhancing biological performance. This paper assesses how hormesis enhances resilience to normal aging and protects against a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and other diseases, as well as trauma and other threats to health and well-being. This paper also explains the application of hormesis to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s and Huntington\u2019s disease, macrophage polarization and its systematic adaptive protections, and the role of hormesis in enhancing stem cell functioning and medical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T11:00:25Z","timestamp":1537527625000},"page":"2871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology, University of Massachusetts, Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I-N344, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-011-0119-1","article-title":"Hormesis provides a generalized quantitative estimate of biological plasticity","volume":"5","author":"Calabrese","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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