{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:12:15Z","timestamp":1787065935817,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing use of herbal dietary supplements (HDS) in the United States provides compelling evidence for risk of herbal-induced liver injury (HILI). Information on HDS products was retrieved from MedlinePlus of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the herbal monograph of the European Medicines Agency. The hepatotoxic potential of HDS was ascertained by considering published case reports. Other relevant data were collected from governmental documents, public databases, web sources, and the literature. We collected information for 296 unique HDS products. Evidence of hepatotoxicity was reported for 67, that is 1 in 5, of these HDS products. The database revealed an apparent gender preponderance with women representing 61% of HILI cases. Culprit hepatotoxic HDS were mostly used for weight control, followed by pain and inflammation, mental stress, and mood disorders. Commonly discussed mechanistic events associated with HILI are reactive metabolites and oxidative stress, mitochondrial injury, as well as inhibition of transporters. HDS\u2013drug interactions, causing both synergistic and antagonizing effects of drugs, were also reported for certain HDS. The database contains information for nearly 300 commonly used HDS products to provide a single-entry point for better comprehension of their impact on public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]],"date-time":"2018-09-28T02:54:54Z","timestamp":1538103294000},"page":"2955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Development of a Database for Herbal and Dietary Supplement Induced Liver Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jieqiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Eun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China\u2019s State Food and Drug Administration, Beijing 100176, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Ashby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianke","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baitang","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1558-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Borlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weida","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.08.002","article-title":"Herbal hepatotoxicity","volume":"43","author":"Stickel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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