{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:22:01Z","timestamp":1761844921726,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of anthocyanins (ANTs) from Oryza sativa L. extracts on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced oral mucositis, using a rat model and oral keratinocytes. ANTs were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Animals were randomly given varying doses of ANT-rich extract treatment (500 mg\/kg and 1000 mg\/kg) in the absence or presence of 5-FU-induced mucositis. Buccal mucosae were photographed and scored for macroscopic analysis and incisional biopsies of cheek pouches were collected for microscopic examination of oral mucositis. 5-FU caused marked hemorrhage, extensive ulcerations and abscesses compared to non-treated animals with slight erythema. Histologically, a loss of collagen bundles and inflammatory cell infiltrates was observed. After 29 days of ANT treatment, lesions resolved, and abundant collagen fibers were evident in the lamina propria. Buccal mucosa of 5-FU-injected rats showed increased Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) p50 and p65 in oral keratinocytes. The administration of ANT reduced NF-\u03baB-positive cells in 5-FU rats (p &lt; 0.001) compared to the non-treatment group. In oral keratinocytes, ANT treatment significantly restored 5-FU-induced growth inhibition and impaired the nuclear accumulation of NF-\u03baB p50 and p65. Our study demonstrated that ANT from Oryza sativa L. exhibited effective anti-inflammatory properties against 5-FU-induced oral mucositis by inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,2]],"date-time":"2018-10-02T08:23:50Z","timestamp":1538468630000},"page":"2981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Anthocyanins Extracted from Oryza sativa L. Prevent Fluorouracil-Induced Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Activation in Oral Mucositis: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2952-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salunya","family":"Tancharoen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prana","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Prosthetic Service, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somphong","family":"Narkpinit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pornpen","family":"Dararat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Brain Science, Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 8300011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1702024","article-title":"Prophylaxis and treatment of chemo-and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis","volume":"24","author":"Karthaus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(97)00053-5","article-title":"Mucositis as a biological process: A new hypothesis for the development of chemotherapy-induced stomatotoxicity","volume":"34","author":"Sonis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2007.03.001","article-title":"The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in cancer treatment-induced alimentary tract mucositis: Pathobiology, animal models and cytotoxic drugs","volume":"33","author":"Logan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. 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