{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:14:06Z","timestamp":1790633646145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]],"date-time":"2018-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81173524\uff1b81673688"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81173524\uff1b81673688"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Important Drug Development Fund, Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2018ZX09735-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX09735-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a serious digestive system disease, for which the clinical therapeutic choices remain limited. Dried fruits of Citrus aurantium L. (CAL) are a traditional medicine used for regulation of the digestive system. The aim of this study was to identify the regulatory effects of CAL on IBD and to clarify the mechanism of the active compounds. In trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced IBD rats, 125 to 500 mg\/kg of oral CAL significantly alleviated weight loss and diarrhea, decreased colitis inflammatory cell infiltration, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The mechanisms of characteristic flavonoids in CAL were evaluated involving inflammation and intestine contraction aspects. Naringenin, nobiletin, and hesperetin showed anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW cells. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1)-induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-\u03baB) pathway to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions. Naringenin and nobiletin showed inhibitory effects on isolated jejunum contraction. The mechanism of naringenin is partly related to COX, NOS, inositol triphosphate (IP3), and finally, to decreased jejunum motility. This study demonstrated that CAL, and its flavonoids\u2019 regulatory effects on IBD through anti-inflammation and inhibition of intestine muscle contraction, can provide basic information on developing new drugs or supplements against IBD based on CAL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T10:44:53Z","timestamp":1538995493000},"page":"3057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Citrus aurantium L. and Its Flavonoids Regulate TNBS-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease through Anti-Inflammation and Suppressing Isolated Jejunum Contraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"},{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingya","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000726","article-title":"How to Diagnose and Treat IBD Mimics in the Refractory IBD Patient Who Does Not Have IBD","volume":"22","author":"Chachu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. 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