{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:04:59Z","timestamp":1760241899694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several observations from experiments in rodents and human patients suggest that diabetes affects pineal gland function, including melatonin secretion; however, the accumulated data are not consistent. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the pineal gland in the domestic pig, a species widely used as a model in various biomedical studies. The study was performed on 10 juvenile pigs, which were divided into two groups: control and diabetic. Diabetes was evoked by administration of streptozotocin (150 mg\/kg of body weight). After six weeks, the animals were euthanized between 12.00 and 14.00, and the pineal glands were removed and divided into two equal parts, which were used for biochemical analyses and for preparation of explants for the superfusion culture. The pineal contents (per 100 \u03bcg protein) of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, 5-hydroxytryptophol, 5-methoxyindole acetic acid, 5-methoxytryptophol, and 5-methoxytryptamine were significantly lower in diabetic pigs than in control pigs. In contrast, the level of N-acetylserotonin was significantly higher in diabetic animals. No significant differences were found in the level of melatonin between control and experimental pigs. The amounts of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were significantly lower in the pineal glands of diabetic animals. The level of vanillylmandelic acid was higher in diabetic pigs. No differences were observed in the level of basal and NE-stimulated release of N-acetylserotonin or melatonin between the pineal explants prepared from control and experimental animals. In vitro treatment with insulin was ineffective. In conclusion, streptozotocin-induced diabetes affects both indole metabolism and adrenergic neurotransmission in the pig pineal gland.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]],"date-time":"2018-10-09T11:10:44Z","timestamp":1539083444000},"page":"3077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes on the Pineal Gland in the Domestic Pig"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2604-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan","family":"Lewczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6456-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Prusik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Martniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Hanuszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Zielonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.55.2.2","article-title":"Generation of the melatonin endocrine message in mammals: A review of the complex regulations of melatonin synthesis by norepinephrine, peptides and other pineal transmitters","volume":"55","author":"Simonneaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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