{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T11:39:02Z","timestamp":1770982742297,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heterotrimeric G proteins are the molecule switch that transmits information from external signals to intracellular target proteins in mammals and yeast cells. In higher plants, heterotrimeric G proteins regulate plant architecture. Rice harbors one canonical \u03b1 subunit gene (RGA1), four extra-large GTP-binding protein genes (XLGs), one canonical \u03b2-subunit gene (RGB1), and five \u03b3-subunit genes (tentatively designated RGG1, RGG2, RGG3\/GS3\/Mi\/OsGGC1, RGG4\/DEP1\/DN1\/qPE9-1\/OsGGC3, and RGG5\/OsGGC2) as components of the heterotrimeric G protein complex. Among the five \u03b3-subunit genes, RGG1 encodes the canonical \u03b3-subunit, RGG2 encodes a plant-specific type of \u03b3-subunit with additional amino acid residues at the N-terminus, and the remaining three \u03b3-subunit genes encode atypical \u03b3-subunits with cysteine-rich C-termini. We characterized the RGG4\/DEP1\/DN1\/qPE9-1\/OsGGC3 gene product G\u03b34 in the wild type (WT) and truncated protein G\u03b34\u2206Cys in the RGG4\/DEP1\/DN1\/qPE9-1\/OsGGC3 mutant, Dn1-1, as littele information regarding the native G\u03b34 and G\u03b34\u2206Cys proteins is currently available. Based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, immunoprecipitated G\u03b34 candidates were confirmed as actual G\u03b34. Similar to \u03b1-(G\u03b1) and \u03b2-subunits (G\u03b2), G\u03b34 was enriched in the plasma membrane fraction and accumulated in the developing leaf sheath. As RGG4\/DEP1\/DN1\/qPE9-1\/OsGGC3 mutants exhibited dwarfism, tissues that accumulated G\u03b34 corresponded to the abnormal tissues observed in RGG4\/DEP1\/DN1\/qPE9-1\/OsGGC3 mutants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1542193102000},"page":"3596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterization of Heterotrimeric G Protein \u03b34 Subunit in Rice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sakura","family":"Matsuta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aki","family":"Nishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genki","family":"Chaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukimoto","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Kenjojima, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-Town, Fukui 910-1195, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0035551","article-title":"Mammalian G-protein function in vivo: New insights through altered gene expression","volume":"140","author":"Offermanns","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. 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