{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T16:58:57Z","timestamp":1763398737164,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"&quot;Victor Babes&quot; University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara","award":["PIII-C4-PCFI-2016\/2017-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIII-C4-PCFI-2016\/2017-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The link between melanoma development and the use of oral combined contraceptives is not fully elucidated, and the data concerning this issue are scarce and controversial. In the present study, we show that the components of oral contraceptives, ethinylestradiol (EE), levonorgestrel (LNG), and their combination (EE + LNG) \u00b1 UVB (ultraviolet B radiation) induced differential effects on healthy (human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and primary epidermal melanocytes, and murine epidermis cells) and melanoma cells (human\u2014A375 and murine\u2014B164A5), as follows: (i) at low doses (1 \u00b5M), the hormones were devoid of significant toxicity on healthy cells, but in melanoma cells, they triggered cell death via apoptosis; (ii) higher doses (10 \u00b5M) were associated with cytotoxicity in all cells, the most affected being the melanoma cells; (iii) UVB irradiation proved to be toxic for all types of cells; (iv) UVB irradiation + hormonal stimulation led to a synergistic cytotoxicity in the case of human melanoma cells\u2014A375 and improved viability rates of healthy and B164A5 cells. A weak irritant potential exerted by EE and EE + LNG (10 \u00b5M) was assessed by the means of a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Further studies are required to elucidate the hormones\u2019 cell type-dependent antimelanoma effect and the role played by melanin in this context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1542193102000},"page":"3600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Ethinylestradiol and Levonorgestrel as Active Agents in Normal Skin, and Pathological Conditions Induced by UVB Exposure: In Vitro and In Ovo Assessments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5760-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorina","family":"Coricovac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2498-4732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Farcas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Nica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2295-1926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulia","family":"Pinzaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Simu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-4362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana","family":"Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Codruta","family":"Soica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Proks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefana","family":"Avram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3263-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Navolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catalin","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramona Amina","family":"Popovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina Adriana","family":"Dehelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.01.061","article-title":"Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception","volume":"190","author":"Burkman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. 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