{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:34:09Z","timestamp":1790962449382,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sarcotest","award":["165\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["165\/2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sarcosine is an amino acid that is formed by methylation of glycine and is present in trace amounts in the body. Increased sarcosine concentrations in blood plasma and urine are manifested in sarcosinemia and in some other diseases such as prostate cancer. For this purpose, sarcosine detection using the nanomedicine approach was proposed. In this study, we have prepared superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with different modified surface area. Nanoparticles (NPs) were modified by chitosan (CS), and sarcosine oxidase (SOX). SPIONs without any modification were taken as controls. Methods and Results: The obtained NPs were characterized by physicochemical methods. The size of the NPs determined by the dynamic light scattering method was as follows: SPIONs\/Au\/NPs (100\u2013300 nm), SPIONs\/Au\/CS\/NPs (300\u2013700 nm), and SPIONs\/Au\/CS\/SOX\/NPs (600\u20131500 nm). The amount of CS deposited on the NP surface was found to be 48 mg\/mL for SPIONs\/Au\/CS\/NPs and 39 mg\/mL for SPIONs\/Au\/CS\/SOX\/NPs, and repeatability varied around 10%. Pseudo-peroxidase activity of NPs was verified using sarcosine, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3,3\u2032,5,5\u2032-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate. For TMB, all NPs tested evinced substantial pseudo-peroxidase activity at 650 nm. The concentration of SPIONs\/Au\/CS\/SOX\/NPs in the reaction mixture was optimized to 0\u201340 mg\/mL. Trinder reaction for sarcosine detection was set up at 510 nm at an optimal reaction temperature of 37 \u00b0C and pH 8.0. The course of the reaction was linear for 150 min. The smallest amount of NPs that was able to detect sarcosine was 0.2 mg\/well (200 \u00b5L of total volume) with the linear dependence y = 0.0011x \u2212 0.0001 and the correlation coefficient r = 0.9992, relative standard deviation (RSD) 6.35%, limit of detection (LOD) 5 \u00b5M. The suggested method was further validated for artificial urine analysis (r = 0.99, RSD 21.35%, LOD 18 \u00b5M). The calculation between the detected and applied concentrations showed a high correlation coefficient (r = 0.99). NPs were tested for toxicity and no significant growth inhibition was observed in any model system (S. cerevisiae, S. aureus, E. coli). The hemolytic activity of the prepared NPs was similar to that of the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control. The reaction system was further tested on real urine specimens. Conclusion: The proposed detection system allows the analysis of sarcosine at micromolar concentrations and to monitor changes in its levels as a potential prostate cancer marker. The whole system is suitable for low-cost miniaturization and point-of-care testing technology and diagnostic systems. This system is simple, inexpensive, and convenient for screening tests and telemedicine applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T03:41:31Z","timestamp":1542944491000},"page":"3722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A Rapid Method for the Detection of Sarcosine Using SPIONs\/Au\/CS\/SOX\/NPs for Prostate Cancer Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dagmar","family":"Uhlirova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Stankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Docekalova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bozena","family":"Hosnedlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946\/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-5663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Kepinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Branislav","family":"Ruttkay-Nedecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946\/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Ruzicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Milnerowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Kizek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Prevention Medicals, Tovarni 342, 742 13 Studenka-Butovice, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946\/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1207-x","article-title":"Mutations in the sarcosine dehydrogenase gene in patients with sarcosinemia","volume":"131","author":"Pras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. 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