{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T23:54:29Z","timestamp":1782258869453,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An impaired function of the coronary endothelium is an important determinant of all stages of atherosclerosis, from initiation, to mediation of functional phenomena\u2014such as spasm and plaque erosion, to atherothrombotic complications. Endothelial function is modified by therapies, including stent implantation. Finally, endothelial function changes over time, in response to physical stimuli and pharmocotherapies, and its assessment might provide information on how individual patients respond to specific therapies. In this review, we describe the role of the endothelium in the continuum of coronary atherosclerosis, from the perspective of the interventional cardiologist. In the first part, we review the current knowledge of the role of endothelial (dys)function on atherosclerotic plaque progression\/instabilization and on the mechanisms of ischemia, in the absence of coronary artery stenosis. In the second part of this review, we describe the impact of coronary artery stenting on endothelial function, platelet aggregation, and inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"3838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Endothelial Function: A Short Guide for the Interventional Cardiologist"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Gori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kardiologie I, Zentrum f\u00fcr Kardiologie der Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Mainz and DZHK Standort Rhein-Main, Langenbeckstr 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.111.3.1293","article-title":"Localization of anticoagulantly active heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vascular endothelium: Antithrombin binding on cultured endothelial cells and perfused rat aorta","volume":"111","author":"Watkins","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/288373a0","article-title":"The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine","volume":"288","author":"Furchgott","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.6.1018","article-title":"Endothelial permeability for macromolecules. Mechanistic aspects of pathophysiological modulation","volume":"17","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2010.543920","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: Therapeutic implications","volume":"43","author":"Gori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq396","article-title":"Is oxidative stress a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease?","volume":"31","author":"Munzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.035","article-title":"Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Heart and Vasculature: Part 2 of a 3-Part Series","volume":"70","author":"Munzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3501.095358","article-title":"Folic acid prevents nitroglycerin-induced nitric oxide synthase dysfunction and nitrate tolerance: A human in vivo study","volume":"104","author":"Gori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1161\/hc0902.104353","article-title":"Inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"105","author":"Libby","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.08.015","article-title":"Design and rationale of the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive DruG Evaluation (COURAGE) trial Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program no. 424","volume":"151","author":"Boden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-15-0520","article-title":"Structural and Functional Coronary Artery Abnormalities in Patients With Vasospastic Angina Pectoris","volume":"79","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.365","article-title":"Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes","volume":"104","author":"Libby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000025609.13806.31","article-title":"Multiple atherosclerotic plaque rupture in acute coronary syndrome: A three-vessel intravascular ultrasound study","volume":"106","author":"Rioufol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.16.1899","article-title":"Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease","volume":"101","author":"Schachinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000051384.43104.FC","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction: A marker of atherosclerotic risk","volume":"23","author":"Bonetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2012-1571","article-title":"Endothelium and hemorheology","volume":"53","author":"Forconi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-141880","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction after stenting and scaffolding of coronary arteries","volume":"58","author":"Gori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)90627-0","article-title":"Evidence that selective endothelial dysfunction may occur in the absence of angiographic or ultrasound atherosclerosis in patients with risk factors for atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Reddy","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.81.2.491","article-title":"Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease","volume":"81","author":"Vita","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177276","article-title":"Physiological assessment of coronary artery disease in the cardiac catheterization laboratory: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization, Council on Clinical Cardiology","volume":"114","author":"Kern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.016","article-title":"Sex-Related Differences in Vasomotor Function in Patients With Angina and Unobstructed Coronary Arteries","volume":"70","author":"Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr361","article-title":"Endothelial function assessment: Flow-mediated dilation and constriction provide different and complementary information on the presence of coronary artery disease","volume":"33","author":"Gori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-168102","article-title":"Both flow-mediated dilation and constriction are associated with changes in blood flow and shear stress: Two complementary perspectives on endothelial function","volume":"64","author":"Gori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.678276","article-title":"Brachial flow-mediated dilation predicts incident cardiovascular events in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"115","author":"Yeboah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.953653","article-title":"Microvascular function predicts cardiovascular events in primary prevention: Long-term results from the Firefighters and Their Endothelium (FATE) study","volume":"123","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.984047","article-title":"Endothelial function in resistance and conduit arteries and 5-year risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"123","author":"Lind","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-2010-1288","article-title":"Endothelial functions: Translating theory into clinical application","volume":"45","author":"Muxel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(83)90326-0","article-title":"Vessel wall arachidonate metabolism after angioplasty: Possible mediators of postangioplasty vasospasm","volume":"51","author":"Cragg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.75.3.636","article-title":"Platelet accumulation in experimental angioplasty: Time course and relation to vascular injury","volume":"75","author":"Wilentz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.10.6.966","article-title":"Regulation of differentiated properties and proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells","volume":"10","author":"Thyberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.64","article-title":"The importance of the endothelium in atherothrombosis and coronary stenting","volume":"9","author":"Otsuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2009","article-title":"Effects of disturbed flow on vascular endothelium: Pathophysiological basis and clinical perspectives","volume":"91","author":"Chiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1397","article-title":"Hemodynamic shear stress and the endothelium in cardiovascular pathophysiology","volume":"6","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.003210","article-title":"Stent thrombogenicity early in high-risk interventional settings is driven by stent design and deployment and protected by polymer-drug coatings","volume":"123","author":"Kolandaivelu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.08.017","article-title":"Usefulness of shear stress pattern in predicting neointima distribution in sirolimus-eluting stents in coronary arteries","volume":"92","author":"Gijsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.13.1740","article-title":"Relationship between neointimal thickness and shear stress after Wallstent implantation in human coronary arteries","volume":"103","author":"Wentzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000931","article-title":"Incomplete stent apposition causes high shear flow disturbances and delay in neointimal coverage as a function of strut to wall detachment distance: Implications for the management of incomplete stent apposition","volume":"7","author":"Foin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.165811","article-title":"KLF2 primes the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 for activation in endothelial cells","volume":"28","author":"Fledderus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031132","article-title":"KLF2 Is a novel transcriptional regulator of endothelial proinflammatory activation","volume":"199","author":"SenBanerjee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1862","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00651.2005","article-title":"Activation of Nrf2\/ARE pathway protects endothelial cells from oxidant injury and inhibits inflammatory gene expression","volume":"290","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1616","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00457.2006","article-title":"Mapping the dynamics of shear stress-induced structural changes in endothelial cells","volume":"293","author":"Mott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.233841","article-title":"Disturbed blood flow induces RelA expression via c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1: A novel mode of NF-kappaB regulation that promotes arterial inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Cuhlmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.201368","article-title":"c-Jun N-terminal kinase primes endothelial cells at atheroprone sites for apoptosis","volume":"30","author":"Chaudhury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000259561.23876.c5","article-title":"Regulation of endothelial cell cycle by laminar versus oscillatory flow: Distinct modes of interactions of AMP-activated protein kinase and Akt pathways","volume":"100","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00411-8","article-title":"Long-term endothelial dysfunction after coronary artery stenting","volume":"34","author":"Caramori","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.15.1623","article-title":"Preserved endothelium-dependent vasodilation in coronary segments previously treated with balloon angioplasty and intracoronary irradiation","volume":"100","author":"Sabate","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000134956.96543.4F","article-title":"Deleterious effect of coronary brachytherapy on vasomotor response to exercise","volume":"110","author":"Togni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.71.220","article-title":"Impaired endothelial vasomotor function after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation","volume":"71","author":"Fuke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.01.051","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, 6-month comparison of the coronary vasomotor response associated with a zotarolimus- versus a sirolimus-eluting stent: Differential recovery of coronary endothelial dysfunction","volume":"53","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2007.11.002","article-title":"Six-month comparison of coronary endothelial dysfunction associated with sirolimus-eluting stent versus Paclitaxel-eluting stent","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.970111","article-title":"The long-term effect of coronary stenting on epicardial and microvascular endothelial function","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60325-1","article-title":"A bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting coronary stent system (ABSORB): 2-year outcomes and results from multiple imaging methods","volume":"373","author":"Serruys","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.062","article-title":"Sirolimus-eluting stents associated with paradoxic coronary vasoconstriction","volume":"46","author":"Togni","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2015.11.015","article-title":"Is Bare-Metal Stent Implantation Still Justifiable in High Bleeding Risk Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention?: A Pre-Specified Analysis From the ZEUS Trial","volume":"9","author":"Ariotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3361","article-title":"Effects of shear stress and stretch on endothelial function","volume":"15","author":"Ando","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.508937","article-title":"Differential response of delayed healing and persistent inflammation at sites of overlapping sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents","volume":"112","author":"Finn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000062700.42060.6F","article-title":"Images in cardiovascular medicine. Sirolimus-eluting stent implanted in human coronary artery for 16 months: Pathological findings","volume":"107","author":"Guagliumi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.05.050","article-title":"Sequential patterns of chemokine- and chemokine receptor-synthesis following vessel wall injury in porcine coronary arteries","volume":"192","author":"Jabs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.03.042","article-title":"Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: Delayed healing and late thrombotic risk","volume":"48","author":"Joner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3101.092214","article-title":"Physiological transport forces govern drug distribution for stent-based delivery","volume":"104","author":"Hwang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.05.066","article-title":"Coronary responses and differential mechanisms of late stent thrombosis attributed to first-generation sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents","volume":"57","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H902","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00130.2003","article-title":"Effect of stent coating alone on in vitro vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis","volume":"286","author":"Curcio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2011.09.018","article-title":"Examination of the in vivo mechanisms of late drug-eluting stent thrombosis: Findings from optical coherence tomography and intravascular ultrasound imaging","volume":"5","author":"Guagliumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.666800","article-title":"Stent thrombosis late after implantation of first-generation drug-eluting stents: A cause for concern","volume":"115","author":"Camenzind","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17275-9","article-title":"Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy","volume":"364","author":"McFadden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-179214","article-title":"The mechanisms of late scaffold thrombosis","volume":"67","author":"Anadol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torii, S., Cheng, Q., Mori, H., Lipinski, M.J., Acampado, E., Perkins, L.E.L., Hossainy, S.F., Pacetti, S.D., Kolodgie, F.D., and Virmani, R. (2018). Acute Thrombogenicity of Fluoropolymer-Coated Versus Biodegradable and Polymer Free Stents. EuroIntervention.","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00728"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2015.03.029","article-title":"Acute Thrombogenicity of a Durable Polymer Everolimus-Eluting Stent Relative to Contemporary Drug-Eluting Stents With Biodegradable Polymer Coatings Assessed Ex Vivo in a Swine Shunt Model","volume":"8","author":"Otsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.058","article-title":"Sirolimus-induced vascular dysfunction. Increased mitochondrial and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-dependent superoxide production and decreased vascular nitric oxide formation","volume":"51","author":"Jabs","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.161224","article-title":"Chemokines in vascular dysfunction and remodeling","volume":"28","author":"Schober","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1160\/TH07-02-0085","article-title":"Chemokines in vascular remodeling","volume":"97","author":"Schober","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27196","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis","volume":"115","author":"Gawaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00098","article-title":"Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Nording","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra071014","article-title":"Platelet activation and atherothrombosis","volume":"357","author":"Davi","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.03.031","article-title":"Adenosine-mediated effects of ticagrelor: Evidence and potential clinical relevance","volume":"63","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.03.414","article-title":"Ticagrelor increases endothelial progenitor cell level compared to clopidogrel in acute coronary syndromes: A prospective randomized study","volume":"187","author":"Bonello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"31","article-title":"Ticagrelor: The evidence for its clinical potential as an oral antiplatelet treatment for the reduction of major adverse cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndromes","volume":"6","author":"Lombo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Core Evid."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.04.108","article-title":"Effects of ticagrelor on neointimal hyperplasia and endothelial function, compared with clopidogrel and prasugrel, in a porcine coronary stent restenosis model","volume":"240","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7029","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209691","article-title":"Rapamycin inhibits cell motility by suppression of mTOR-mediated S6K1 and 4E-BP1 pathways","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0897-879","article-title":"Reciprocal relation between VEGF and NO in the regulation of endothelial integrity","volume":"3","author":"Tsurumi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26776","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.38.26776","article-title":"p70 S6 kinase-mediated protein synthesis is a critical step for vascular endothelial cell proliferation","volume":"274","author":"Vinals","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/21218","article-title":"Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt","volume":"399","author":"Fulton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/nm759","article-title":"PKB\/Akt mediates cell-cycle progression by phosphorylation of p27(Kip1) at threonine 157 and modulation of its cellular localization","volume":"8","author":"Shin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.3.221","article-title":"Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization","volume":"85","author":"Asahara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Gori, T., and Polimeni, A. Predictors of stent thrombosis and their implications for clinical practice. Nat. Cardiovasc. Rev., in press."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(98)00348-9","article-title":"Long-term endothelial dysfunction is more pronounced after stenting than after balloon angioplasty in porcine coronary arteries","volume":"32","author":"Whelan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.04.030","article-title":"Endothelial cell recovery between comparator polymer-based drug-eluting stents","volume":"52","author":"Joner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2011.02.018","article-title":"A patient-level pooled analysis assessing the impact of the SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery) score on 1-year clinical outcomes in 6,508 patients enrolled in contemporary coronary stent trials","volume":"4","author":"Garg","year":"2011","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.957654","article-title":"Evaluation of polymer-based comparator drug-eluting stents using a rabbit model of iliac artery atherosclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002270","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002270","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Flow-Mediated Vasodilation in Brachial Artery and Fingertip Artery for Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.06.043","article-title":"Long-term prognostic role of flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery after acute coronary syndromes without ST elevation","volume":"98","author":"Karatzis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfp053","article-title":"Vascular endothelial function predicts mortality risk in patients with advanced ischaemic chronic heart failure","volume":"11","author":"Shechter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.10.004","article-title":"Treating coronary disease and the impact of endothelial dysfunction","volume":"57","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/12\/3838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:33:56Z","timestamp":1760196836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/19\/12\/3838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms19123838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19123838","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]}}}