{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:46:51Z","timestamp":1787028411872,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institutet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular angiogenic diseases, such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration, are associated with severe loss of vision. These pathologies originate from different vascular beds, retinal and choroidal microvasculatures, respectively. The activation of endothelial cells (EC) plays pivotal roles in angiogenesis, often triggered by oxygen deficiency. Hypoxia-inducible factors in ECs mediate the transcription of multiple angiogenic genes, including the canonical vascular endothelial growth factors. ECs show notable heterogeneity in function, structure, and disease, therefore the understanding of retinal\/choroidal ECs (REC; CEC) biochemical and molecular responses to hypoxia may offer key insights into tissue-specific vascular targeting treatments. The aim of this review is to discuss the differences spanning between REC and CEC, with focus on their response to hypoxia, which could provide innovative and sustainable strategies for site specific targeting of ocular neovascularization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"3846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Different Facades of Retinal and Choroidal Endothelial Cells in Response to Hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Effat","family":"Alizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166\/15731 Tabriz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parviz","family":"Mammadzada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helder","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2006.00659.x","article-title":"Ocular Angiogenesis: The Role of Growth Factors","volume":"84","author":"Kvanta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6591","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16476","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1\u03b1 Is Associated with Sprouting Angiogenesis in the Murine Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Model","volume":"56","author":"Tunik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. 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