{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T05:38:44Z","timestamp":1776577124419,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 103-2410-H-016-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 103-2410-H-016-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104-2410-H-016-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104-2410-H-016-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105-2410-H-016-002-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-2410-H-016-002-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Defense Medical Center","award":["MAB-104-007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-104-007"]}]},{"name":"National Defense Medical Center","award":["MAB-104-066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAB-104-066"]}]},{"name":"Songshan Branch of the Tri-Service General Hospital","award":["104-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced mental disorder characterized by fear extinction abnormalities, which involve biological dysfunctions among fear circuit areas in the brain. Oxytocin (OXT) is a neuropeptide that regulates sexual reproduction and social interaction and has recently earned specific attention due to its role in adjusting neurobiological and behavioral correlates of PTSD; however, the mechanism by which this is achieved remains unclear. The present study aimed to examine whether the effects of OXT on traumatic stress-induced abnormalities of fear extinction (specifically induced by single prolonged stress (SPS), an animal model of PTSD) are associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Seven days after SPS, rats received intranasal OXT 40 min before a cue-dependent Pavlovian fear conditioning-extinction test in which rats\u2019 freezing degree was used to reflect the outcome of fear extinction. We also measured mRNA expression of IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus, and amygdala at the end of the study, together with plasma oxytocin, corticosterone, IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1, to reflect the central and peripheral changes of stress-related hormones and cytokines after SPS. Our results suggested that intranasal OXT effectively amends the SPS-impaired behavior of fear extinction retrieval. Moreover, it neurochemically reverses the SPS increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines; thus, IL-1\u03b2 and IFN-\u03b3 can be further blocked by the OXT antagonist atosiban (ASB) in the hippocampus. Peripheral profiles revealed a similar response pattern to SPS of OXT and corticosterone (CORT), and the SPS-induced increase in plasma levels of IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 could be reduced by OXT. The present study suggests potential therapeutic effects of OXT in both behavioral and neuroinflammatory profiles of PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T06:02:09Z","timestamp":1543816929000},"page":"3848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Effects of Oxytocin on Fear Memory and Neuroinflammation in a Rodent Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7528-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Chiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital Songshan Branch, Taipei 10581, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Cheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nian-Sheng","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yia-Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11220, Taiwan"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012941","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"346","author":"Yehuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. 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