{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:10:47Z","timestamp":1790403047601,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education","award":["501-1-21-27-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["501-1-21-27-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumors of the female genital tract. The incidence of UFs has been estimated at 25\u201380% depending on selected population. The pathophysiology of UFs remains poorly understood. The transformation of smooth muscle cells of the uterus into abnormal, immortal cells, capable of clonal division, is the main component of all pathways leading to UF tumor formation and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) is believed to be one of the key factors in this field. TNF-\u03b1 is a cell signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines responsible for the acute phase reaction. This publication presents current data about the role of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 in the biology of UFs and the related symptoms. TNF-\u03b1 is an extremely important cytokine associated with the biology of UFs, UF-related symptoms and complaints. Its concentration has been proven to be elevated in women with clinically symptomatic UFs. The presented data suggest the presence of an \u201cinflammation-like\u201d state in women with UFs where TNF-\u03b1 is a potent inflammation inducer. The origin of numerous symptoms reported by women with UFs can be traced back to the TNF-\u03b1 influence. Nevertheless, our knowledge on this subject remains limited and TNF-\u03b1 dependent pathways in UF pathophysiology should be investigated further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T11:56:18Z","timestamp":1543924578000},"page":"3869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 in the Biology of Uterine Fibroids and the Related Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5780-5983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Ciebiera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1545-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"W\u0142odarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zgliczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Association at the I Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-015 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"\u0141ukaszuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland"},{"name":"INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, 80-172 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u0142a\u017cej","family":"M\u0119czekalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-513 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kobierzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"\u0141ozi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Pro-Familia Hospital, 35-001 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Jakiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03622-9","article-title":"Uterine fibroids","volume":"357","author":"Stewart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16043","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.43","article-title":"Uterine fibroids","volume":"2","author":"Stewart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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