{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T05:14:35Z","timestamp":1776834875633,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan","award":["grants CMRPG8F0321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grants CMRPG8F0321"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lipid expression is increased in the atrial myocytes of mitral regurgitation (MR) patients. This study aimed to investigate key regulatory genes and mechanisms of atrial lipotoxic myopathy in MR. Methods: The HL-1 atrial myocytes were subjected to uniaxial cyclic stretching for eight hours. Fatty acid metabolism, lipoprotein signaling, and cholesterol metabolism were analyzed by PCR assay (168 genes). Results: The stretched myocytes had significantly larger cell size and higher lipid expression than non-stretched myocytes (all p &lt; 0.001). Fatty acid metabolism, lipoprotein signaling, and cholesterol metabolism in the myocytes were analyzed by PCR assay (168 genes). In comparison with their counterparts in non-stretched myocytes, seven genes in stretched monocytes (Idi1, Olr1, Nr1h4, Fabp2, Prkag3, Slc27a5, Fabp6) revealed differential upregulation with an altered fold change &gt;1.5. Nine genes in stretched monocytes (Apoa4, Hmgcs2, Apol8, Srebf1, Acsm4, Fabp1, Acox2, Acsl6, Gk) revealed differential downregulation with an altered fold change &lt;0.67. Canonical pathway analysis, using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software, revealed that the only genes in the \u201csuperpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis\u201d were Idi1 (upregulated) and Hmgcs2 (downregulated). The fraction of stretched myocytes expressing Nile red was significantly decreased by RNA interference of Idi1 (p &lt; 0.05) and was significantly decreased by plasmid transfection of Hmgcs2 (p = 0.004). Conclusions: The Idi1 and Hmgcs2 genes have regulatory roles in atrial lipotoxic myopathy associated with atrial enlargement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T03:12:30Z","timestamp":1545102750000},"page":"4094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Idi1 and Hmgcs2 Are Affected by Stretch in HL-1 Atrial Myocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chih-Yuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mien-Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen-Ping","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-7023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsien-Da","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Chun","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Li","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Sheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Kuang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chien-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0585-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2002.3320","article-title":"Recommendations on the management of the asymptomatic patient with valvular heart disease","volume":"23","author":"Iung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. 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