{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:30:21Z","timestamp":1790353821591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have shown that phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) have become the target of many pharmacological treatments, both in clinical trials and in clinical practice. PI3Ks play an important role in glucose regulation, and this suggests their possible involvement in the onset of diabetes mellitus. In this review, we gather our knowledge regarding the effects of PI3K isoforms on glucose regulation in several organs and on the most clinically-relevant complications of diabetes mellitus, such as cardiomyopathy, vasculopathy, nephropathy, and neurological disease. For instance, PI3K \u03b1 has been proven to be protective against diabetes-induced heart failure, while PI3K \u03b3 inhibition is protective against the disease onset. In vessels, PI3K \u03b3 can generate oxidative stress, while PI3K \u03b2 inhibition is anti-thrombotic. Finally, we describe the role of PI3Ks in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and ADHD, discussing the relevance for diabetic patients. Given the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, the multiple effects here described should be taken into account for the development and validation of drugs acting on PI3Ks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]],"date-time":"2018-12-18T03:12:30Z","timestamp":1545102750000},"page":"4098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["PI3Kinases in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Related Complications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Maffei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, \"Sapienza\" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Carnevale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Angiocardioneurology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, \"Sapienza\" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2016). 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