{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:09:16Z","timestamp":1790701756863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea University Research Grants","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"name":"the BK21 Plus Program of the Ministry of Education of Korea","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"name":"the Korea Health Technology R&amp;D","award":["HI17C0710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI17C0710"]}]},{"name":"the National Cancer Center of Korea","award":["HA17C0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HA17C0040"]}]},{"name":"the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2016R1D1A1B03933826 to Y. M. W., 2018R1D1A1A02050248 to I. H. C, 2017R1D1A1B03028103 to S. P. J; and 2015R1C1A1A01051508 and 2018R1D1A1B07050329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016R1D1A1B03933826 to Y. M. W., 2018R1D1A1A02050248 to I. H. C, 2017R1D1A1B03028103 to S. P. J; and 2015R1C1A1A01051508 and 2018R1D1A1B07050329"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone metastasis is the terminal stage disease of prostate, breast, renal, and lung cancers, and currently no therapeutic approach effectively cures or prevents its progression to bone metastasis. One of the hurdles to the development of new drugs for bone metastasis is the complexity and heterogeneity of the cellular components in the metastatic bone microenvironment. For example, bone cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and the bone marrow cells of diverse hematopoietic lineages interact with each other via numerous cytokines and receptors. c-Met tyrosine kinase receptor and its sole ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) are enriched in the bone microenvironment, and their expression correlates with the progression of bone metastasis. However, no drugs or antibodies targeting the c-Met\/HGF signaling axis are currently available in bone metastatic patients. This significant discrepancy should be overcome by further investigation of the roles and regulation of c-Met and HGF in the metastatic bone microenvironment. This review paper summarizes the key findings of c-Met and HGF in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for bone metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]],"date-time":"2019-01-17T11:30:27Z","timestamp":1547724627000},"page":"384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Targeting the Hepatocyte Growth Factor and c-Met Signaling Axis in Bone Metastases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Young Mi","family":"Whang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Pil","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meyoung-Kon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0240-1310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Ho","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8643-5096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serk In","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12307-011-0081-8","article-title":"Roles of bone marrow cells in skeletal metastases: No longer bystanders","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Microenviron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875305","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/875305","article-title":"Dissecting the role of bone marrow stromal cells on bone metastases","volume":"2014","author":"Buenrostro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. 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