{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:28:47Z","timestamp":1793248127281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a rare but severe form of human cancer that results from a limited number of functionally cooperating genetic abnormalities leading to uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Before the identification of genetic driver lesions, chemically, irradiation or viral infection-induced mouse leukaemia models provided platforms to test novel chemotherapeutics. Later, transgenic mouse models were established to test the in vivo transforming potential of newly cloned fusion genes and genetic aberrations detected in patients\u2019 genomes. Hereby researchers constitutively or conditionally expressed the respective gene in the germline of the mouse or reconstituted the hematopoietic system of lethally irradiated mice with bone marrow virally expressing the mutation of interest. More recently, immune deficient mice have been explored to study patient-derived human AML cells in vivo. Unfortunately, although complementary to each other, none of the currently available strategies faithfully model the initiation and progression of the human disease. Nevertheless, fast advances in the fields of next generation sequencing, molecular technology and bioengineering are continuously contributing to the generation of better mouse models. Here we review the most important AML mouse models of each category, briefly describe their advantages and limitations and show how they have contributed to our understanding of the biology and to the development of novel therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T03:08:22Z","timestamp":1548126502000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Murine Models of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marwa","family":"Almosailleakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University Children\u2019s Hospital beider Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juerg","family":"Schwaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, University Children\u2019s Hospital beider Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1516192","article-title":"Genomic Classification and Prognosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"374","author":"Papaemmanuil","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2015-0203-RA","article-title":"Acute Myeloid Leukemia Genetics: Risk Stratification and Implications for Therapy","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2091","article-title":"The impact of translocations and gene fusions on cancer causation","volume":"7","author":"Mitelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/35106108","article-title":"Chromosome translocations: Dangerous liaisons revisited","volume":"1","author":"Rowley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.023","article-title":"The origin and evolution of mutations in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"150","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301689","article-title":"Genomic and Epigenomic Landscapes of Adult De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"368","author":"Ley","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e382","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70008-7","article-title":"Translational implications of somatic genomics in acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"15","author":"Meyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2014.11.007","article-title":"Long term maintenance of myeloid leukemic stem cells cultured with unrelated human mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"14","author":"Ito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Alfred, L.J., Wojdani, A., Nieto, M., Perez, R., and Yoshida, G. (1983). A chemical carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene, alters T-cell function and induces T-suppressor cells in a mouse model system. Immunology, 207\u2013212."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1954.tb40015.x","article-title":"Response of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemias To the Purine Antagonist 6-Mercaptopurine","volume":"60","author":"Law","year":"1954","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1883","article-title":"Kinetics Of Normal And Leukemic Leukocyte Populations And Relevance To Chemotherapy","volume":"30","author":"Skipper","year":"1970","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(62)90225-3","article-title":"A proposed mechanism of action of 1-\u03b2-d-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine as an inhibitor of the growth of leukemic cells","volume":"11","author":"Chu","year":"1962","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp107","article-title":"Benzene-Induced Hematopoietic Neoplasms Including Myeloid Leukemia in Trp 53-Deficient C57BL\/6 and C3H\/He Mice","volume":"110","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9082875","article-title":"Leukemia and Benzene","volume":"9","author":"Robert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exposure to benzene at work and the risk of leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Khalade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Heal. A Glob. Access Sci. Source"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr297","article-title":"Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: Implications for risk assessment","volume":"33","author":"Mchale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-02-0754","article-title":"Mutations of AML1 are common in therapy-related myelodysplasia following therapy with alkylating agents and are significantly associated with deletion or loss of chromosome arm 7q and with subsequent leukemic transformation","volume":"104","author":"Christiansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2015.06.011","article-title":"Environmental and chemotherapeutic agents induce breakage at genes involved in leukemia-causing gene rearrangements in human hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"779","author":"Thys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poynter, J.N., Richardson, M., Roesler, M., Blair, C.K., Hirsch, B., Nguyen, P., Cioc, A., Cerhan, J.R., and Warlick, E. (2017). Chemical exposures and risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes in a population-based study. Int. J. Cancer, 140.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2015.12.005"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Board, R.S., and Studies, L. (2012). Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities: Phase I, National Academy of Sciences."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2006.10.009","article-title":"Radiation-induced leukemia: Lessons from history","volume":"20","author":"Finch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000282109.20364.37","article-title":"Third annual Warren K. Sinclair keynote address: Retrospective analysis of impacts of the chernobyl accident","volume":"93","author":"Balonov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-7364-8-13","article-title":"Radiation-induced myeloid leukemia in murine models","volume":"8","author":"Rivina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Genom."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24834","article-title":"Radiation-induced leukemia among children aged 0\u20135 years at the time of the Chernobyl accident","volume":"127","author":"Noshchenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-010-0328-7","article-title":"A two-mutation model of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia using historical mouse data","volume":"50","author":"Dekkers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197709)40:3<1280::AID-CNCR2820400343>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. A delayed complication of Hodgkin\u2019s disease therapy: Analysis of 109 cases","volume":"40","author":"Cadman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.8.1796.1796","article-title":"Increased circulating colony-stimulating factor-1 in patients with preleukemia, leukemia, and lymphoid malignancies","volume":"77","author":"Belch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.7.2537","article-title":"Increased circulating colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) in SJL\/J mice with radiation-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with autocrine regulation of AML cells by CSF-1","volume":"89","author":"Krautghamer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1548.1","article-title":"Radiation Leukemogenesis in Mice: Loss of PU.1 on Chromosome 2 in CBA and C57BL\/6 Mice after Irradiation with 1 GeV\/nucleon 56 Fe Ions, X Rays or \u03b3 Rays. Part I. Experimental Observation","volume":"171","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.05.019","article-title":"Live cell detection of chromosome 2 deletion and Sfpi1\/PU1 loss in radiation-induced mouse acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"37","author":"Olme","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0085-1","article-title":"Tracking preleukemic cells in vivo to reveal the sequence of molecular events in radiation leukemogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Verbiest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.3390\/genes2020384","article-title":"Allelic imbalances in radiation-associated acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Klymenko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.15","article-title":"Initially disadvantaged, TEL-AML1 cells expand and initiate leukemia in response to irradiation and cooperating mutations","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rein, A. (2011). Murine leukemia viruses: Objects and organisms. Adv. Virol., 2011.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/403419"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.105.4.307","article-title":"Cell-free transmission in adult swiss mice of a disease having the character of leukemia","volume":"105","author":"Friend","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2401852","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity in acute myeloid leukemia: Maximizing information flow from MuLV mutagenesis studies","volume":"14","author":"Largaespada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3390\/v2102235","article-title":"Friend spleen focus-forming virus activates the tyrosine kinase sf-Stk and the transcription factor PU.1 to cause a multi-stage erythroleukemia in mice","volume":"2","author":"Cmarik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multi-stage Friend murine erythroleukemia: Molecular insights into oncogenic cooperation","volume":"5","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.71.7.2668","article-title":"Erythropoietic differentiation in colonies of cells transformed by Friend virus","volume":"71","author":"Singer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1200807","article-title":"Deregulated expression of the PU.1 transcription factor blocks murine erythroleukemia cell terminal differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.4.1383","article-title":"Overexpression of PU.1 induces growth and differentiation inhibition and apoptotic cell death in murine erythroleukemia cells","volume":"89","author":"Yamada","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"301","article-title":"Identification of a common ecotropic viral integration site, Evi-1, in the DNA of AKXD murine myeloid tumors","volume":"8","author":"Mucenski","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4965","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4965-4971.2003","article-title":"A Moloney murine leukemia virus-based retrovirus with 4070A long terminal repeat sequences induces a high incidence of myeloid as well as lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"77","author":"Wolff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2647","article-title":"High-throughput insertional mutagenesis screens in mice to identify oncogenic networks","volume":"9","author":"Kool","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-13-0244","article-title":"Cancer Gene Discovery: Exploiting Insertional Mutagenesis","volume":"11","author":"Ranzani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.796","article-title":"Mutant nucleophosmin and cooperating pathways drive leukemia initiation and progression in mice","volume":"43","author":"Vassiliou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08279","article-title":"Response and resistance to MEK inhibition in leukaemias initiated by hyperactive Ras","volume":"461","author":"Lauchle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/318533a0","article-title":"The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice","volume":"318","author":"Adams","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.16.6047","article-title":"Transgenic mice bearing the human c-myc gene activated by an immunoglobulin enhancer: A pre-B-cell lymphoma model","volume":"85","author":"Schmidt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302074","article-title":"Illegitimate DNA integration in mammalian cells","volume":"10","author":"Little","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.2.376","article-title":"Altered Myeloid Development and Acute Leukemia in Transgenic Mice Expressing PML-RAR\u03b1 Under Control of Cathepsin G Regulatory Sequences","volume":"89","author":"Grisolano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.15.7900","article-title":"Transgenic expression of PML\/RARA impairs myelopoiesis","volume":"93","author":"Early","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.6.2551","article-title":"A PMLRAR transgene initiates murine acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"94","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2943","article-title":"Acute promyelocytic leukaemia: Novel insights into the mechanisms of cure","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6318","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.11.6318","article-title":"Distinct leukemia phenotypes in transgenic mice and different corepressor interactions generated by promyelocytic leukemia variant fusion genes PLZF-RARA and NPM-RARA","volume":"96","author":"Cheng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2013.01.006","article-title":"How animal models of leukaemias have already benefited patients","volume":"7","author":"Ablain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205313","article-title":"Modelling haematopoietic malignancies in the mouse and therapeutical implications","volume":"21","author":"Bernardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2008.16","article-title":"Review: Genetic models of acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"27","author":"McCormack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.5.1707.405k24_1707_1714","article-title":"TEL\/PDGFbetaR induces hematologic malignancies in mice that respond to a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor","volume":"93","author":"Tomasson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.6.2108","article-title":"Analysis of the role of AML1-ETO in leukemogenesis, using an inducible transgenic mouse model","volume":"96","author":"Rhoades","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10398","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171321298","article-title":"AML1-ETO expression is directly involved in the development of acute myeloid leukemia in the presence of additional mutations","volume":"98","author":"Yuan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2005.12.014","article-title":"Cbf\u03b2-SMMHC induces distinct abnormal myeloid progenitors able to develop acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"9","author":"Kuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2008.03.005","article-title":"Malignant Transformation Initiated by Mll-AF9: Gene Dosage and Critical Target Cells","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.10.036","article-title":"Hematopoietic Stem Cells Are Intrinsically Protected against MLL-ENL-Mediated Transformation","volume":"9","author":"Ugale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2016.05.011","article-title":"MLL-AF9 Expression in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Drives a Highly Invasive AML Expressing EMT-Related Genes Linked to Poor Outcome","volume":"30","author":"Stavropoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Novel Inducible Mouse Model of MLL-ENL-driven Mixed-lineage Acute Leukemia","volume":"4","author":"Stavropoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90646-5","article-title":"Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells","volume":"51","author":"Thomas","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81269-6","article-title":"An MII-AF9 fusion gene made by homologous recombination causes acute leukemia in chimeric mice: A method to create fusion oncogenes","volume":"85","author":"Corral","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meyer, C., Burmeister, T., Gr\u00f6ger, D., Tsaur, G., Fechina, L., Renneville, A., Sutton, R., Venn, N.C., Emerenciano, M., and Pombo-de-oliveira, M.S. (2018). The MLL recombinome of acute leukemias in 2017. Leukemia, 273\u2013284.","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.213"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"127","article-title":"Inter-chromosomal recombination of Mll and Af9 genes mediated by cre-loxP in mouse development","volume":"1","author":"Collins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.5.843","article-title":"Tumorigenesis in mice with a fusion of the leukaemia oncogene MII and the bacterial lacZ gene","volume":"19","author":"Dobson","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1515","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal myeloid cells demonstrate stepwise progression in the pathogenesis of MLL fusion gene leukemia","volume":"101","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayton, P.M., and Cleary, M.L. (2003). Transformation of myeloid progenitors by MLL oncoproteins is dependent on Hoxa7 and Hoxa9. Genes Dev., 2298\u20132307.","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1111603"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2015.04.002","article-title":"Core Binding Factor Acute Myeloid Leukemia: New Prognostic Categories and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"52","author":"Sinha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.9.3134","article-title":"Expression of a knocked-in AML1-ETO leukemia gene inhibits the establishment of normal definitive hematopoiesis and directly generates dysplastic hematopoietic progenitors","volume":"91","author":"Okuda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80986-1","article-title":"AML1, the target of multiple chromosomal translocations in human leukemia, is essential for normal fetal liver hematopoiesis","volume":"84","author":"Okuda","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2009.01.010","article-title":"Conditional Cre\/LoxP strategies for the study of hematopoietic stem cell formation","volume":"43","author":"Speck","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"9302","article-title":"Temporal control of gene expression in transgenic mice by a tetracycline-responsive promoter","volume":"91","author":"Furth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7792603","article-title":"Transcriptional Activation by Tetracyclines in Mammalian Cells","volume":"268","author":"Gossen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00016-8","article-title":"Expression of a conditional AML1-ETO oncogene bypasses embryonic lethality and establishes a murine model of human t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"1","author":"Higuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2062","article-title":"DNA Mismatch Repair Deficiency Stimulates N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced Mutagenesis and Lymphomagenesis","volume":"63","author":"Claij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201302661","article-title":"Instruction of haematopoietic lineage choices, evolution of transcriptional landscapes and cancer stem cell hierarchies derived from an AML1-ETO mouse model","volume":"5","author":"Eichwald","year":"2013","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1589","article-title":"AML1\/MTG8 oncogene suppression by small interfering RNAs supports myeloid differentiation of t (8; 21)-positive leukemic cells","volume":"101","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-338228","article-title":"Distinct classes of c-Kit\u2013activating mutations differ in their ability to promote RUNX1-ETO\u2013associated acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"119","author":"Nick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24225","article-title":"The AML1-ETO fusion gene and the FLT3 length mutation collaborate in inducing acute leukemia in mice","volume":"115","author":"Schessl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.257","article-title":"Mouse models of NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia: Biological and clinical implications","volume":"29","author":"Sportoletti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-208587","article-title":"Brief report The cytoplasmic NPM mutant induces myeloproliferation in a transgenic mouse model","volume":"115","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049769","article-title":"A Knock-In Npm1 Mutation in Mice Results in Myeloproliferation and Implies a Perturbation in Hematopoietic Microenvironment","volume":"7","author":"Chou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.114","article-title":"NPMc+ and FLT3_ITD mutations cooperate in inducing acute leukaemia in a novel mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Mallardo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-05-646240","article-title":"Profiling of somatic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-ITD at diagnosis and relapse","volume":"126","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2007.08.031","article-title":"FLT3 Mutations Confer Enhanced Proliferation and Survival Properties to Multipotent Progenitors in a Murine Model of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7882","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208933","article-title":"FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations induce myeloproliferative or lymphoid disease in a transgenic mouse model","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3613","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-289207","article-title":"Impact of gene dosage, loss of wild-type allele, and FLT3 ligand on Flt3-ITD-induced myeloproliferation","volume":"118","author":"Kharazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-01-328096","article-title":"Loss of the wild-type allele contributes to myeloid expansion and disease aggressiveness in FLT3\/ITD knockin mice","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-01-760595","article-title":"Molecular synergy underlies the co-occurrence patterns and phenotype of NPM1-mutant acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"130","author":"Dovey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.77","article-title":"A powerful molecular synergy between mutant Nucleophosmin and Flt3-ITD drives acute myeloid leukemia in mice","volume":"27","author":"Mupo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-415067","article-title":"Mll partial tandem duplication and Flt3 internal tandem duplication in a double knock-in mouse recapitulates features of counterpart human acute myeloid leukemias","volume":"120","author":"Zorko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-382283","article-title":"Knock-in of a FLT3\/ITD mutation cooperates with a NUP98-HOXD13 fusion to generate acute myeloid leukemia in a mouse model","volume":"119","author":"Greenblatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35313","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26238","article-title":"Knock-in of the Wt1 R394W mutation causes MDS and cooperates with Flt3\/ITD to drive aggressive myeloid neoplasms in mice","volume":"9","author":"Annesley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0008","article-title":"Dnmt3a haploinsufficiency transforms Flt3-ITD myeloproliferative disease into a rapid, spontaneous, and fully-penetrant acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"6","author":"Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.110","article-title":"The Polycomb complex PRC2 supports aberrant self-renewal in a mouse model of MLL-AF9;Nras-G12D acute myeloid leukemia J","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11657","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-0196","article-title":"BCL-2 and mutant NRAS interact physically and functionally in a mouse model of progressive myelodysplasia","volume":"67","author":"Omidvar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-12-541730","article-title":"Nras G12D oncoprotein inhibits apoptosis of preleukemic cells expressing Cbfb -SMMHC via activation of MEK\/ERK axis","volume":"124","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015040","article-title":"Oncogenic K-ras cooperates with PML-RAR to induce an acute promyelocytic leukemia\u2013like disease","volume":"108","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13898","article-title":"Review: Aberrant EVI1 expression in acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"172","author":"Hinai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.02.008","article-title":"A remote GATA2 hematopoietic enhancer drives leukemogenesis in inv(3)(q21;q26) by activating EVI1 expression","volume":"25","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.019","article-title":"A single oncogenic enhancer rearrangement causes concomitant EVI1 and GATA2 deregulation in Leukemia","volume":"157","author":"Sanders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06208-y","article-title":"EVI1 overexpression reprograms hematopoiesis via upregulation of Spi1 transcription","volume":"9","author":"Ayoub","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02512991","article-title":"Targeting expression to the mammary gland: Intronic sequences can enhance the efficiency of gene expression in transgenic mice","volume":"1","author":"Whitelaw","year":"1991","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-01-476911","article-title":"The Gata1 5\u2019 region harbors distinct cis-regulatory modules that direct gene activation in erythroid cells and gene inactivation in HSCs","volume":"112","author":"Takai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"824","article-title":"Induction of chronic myelogenous leukemia in mice by the P210bcr\/abl gene of the Philadelphia chromosome","volume":"247","author":"Daley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403670","article-title":"Animal models of acute myelogenous leukaemia\u2014Development, application and future perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Bruserud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.015974","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukaemia: a paradigm for the clonal evolution of cancer?","volume":"7","author":"Grove","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2004.10.015","article-title":"MOZ-TIF2, but not BCR-ABL, confers properties of leukemic stem cells to committed murine hematopoietic progenitors","volume":"6","author":"Huntly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04980","article-title":"Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9","volume":"442","author":"Krivtsov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5838","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-393827","article-title":"EVI1 is critical for the pathogenesis of a subset of MLL-AF9-rearranged AMLs","volume":"119","author":"Bindels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.14.4226","article-title":"Immortalization and leukemic transformation of a myelomonocytic precursor by retrovirally transduced HRX-ENL","volume":"16","author":"Lavau","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1143403","article-title":"Similar MLL-associated leukemias arising from self-renewing stem cells and short-lived myeloid progenitors","volume":"17","author":"Cozzio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5506","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.15.5506-5517.2002","article-title":"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion and Distinct Myeloid Developmental Abnormalities in a Murine Model of the AML1-ETO Translocation","volume":"22","author":"Warren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(03)00019-9","article-title":"MLL-GAS7 transforms multipotent hematopoietic progenitors and induces mixed lineage leukemias in mice","volume":"3","author":"So","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.06.020","article-title":"Cell of Origin in AML: Susceptibility to MN1-Induced Transformation Is Regulated by the MEIS1\/AbdB-like HOX Protein Complex","volume":"20","author":"Heuser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300060","article-title":"The genetic engineering of hematopoietic stem cells: The rise of lentiviral vectors, the conundrum of the LTR, and the promise of lineage-restricted vectors","volume":"15","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3311","article-title":"Humanized mice for immune system investigation: Progress, promise and challenges","volume":"12","author":"Shultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2014.115212","article-title":"Humanized hemato-lymphoid system mice","volume":"101","author":"Theocharides","year":"2016","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1982.120","article-title":"Direct and serial transplantation of human acute myeloid leukaemia into nude mice","volume":"45","author":"Nara","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201016666150817095703","article-title":"Xenograft models of primary acute myeloid leukemia for the development of imaging strategies and evaluation of novel targeted therapies","volume":"17","author":"Gelebart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V79.8.2089.2089","article-title":"Propagation of human blastic myeloid leukemias in the SCID mouse","volume":"79","author":"Sawyers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(95)90047-0","article-title":"Defective lymphoid development in mice lacking expression of the common cytokine receptor \u03b3 chain","volume":"2","author":"Cao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0797-730","article-title":"Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell","volume":"3","author":"Bonnet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/367645a0","article-title":"A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice","volume":"367","author":"Lapidot","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.5.1761","article-title":"Growth characteristics of acute myelogenous leukemia progenitors that initiate malignant hematopoiesis in nonobese diabetic\/severe combined immunodeficient mice","volume":"94","author":"Ailles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"3175","article-title":"NOD\/SCID\/ gamma c null mouse: An excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells","volume":"100","author":"Ito","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.10.6477","article-title":"Human Lymphoid and Myeloid Cell Development in NOD\/LtSz-scid IL2R null Mice Engrafted with Mobilized Human Hemopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"174","author":"Shultz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.158","article-title":"AML xenograft efficiency is significantly improved in NOD\/SCID-IL2RG mice constitutively expressing human SCF, GM-CSF and IL-3","volume":"24","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-301507","article-title":"Development of human CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in human stem cell factor-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, and interleukin-3-expressing NOD-SCID IL2R\u03b3(null) humanized mice","volume":"117","author":"Billerbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402882","article-title":"Improved engraftment of human acute myeloid leukemia progenitor cells in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient NOD\/SCID mice and in NOD\/SCID mice transgenic for human growth factors","volume":"17","author":"Gerhard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03933.x","article-title":"Human peripheral blood leucocyte non-obese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene mouse model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host-like disease and the role of host major histocompatibility complex","volume":"157","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04462.x","article-title":"Human peripheral blood CD4 T cell-engrafted non-obese diabetic-scid IL2rgnull H2-Ab1tm1Gru Tg (human leucocyte antigen D-related 4) mice: A mouse model of human allogeneic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"166","author":"Covassin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2016.00162","article-title":"Generation of Pediatric Leukemia Xenograft Models in NSG-B2m Mice: Comparison with NOD\/SCID Mice","volume":"6","author":"Gopalakrishnapillai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2014.06.001","article-title":"Kit regulates HSC engraftment across the human-mouse species barrier","volume":"15","author":"Cosgun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"171","article-title":"Improved human erythropoiesis and platelet formation in humanized NSGW41 mice","volume":"6","author":"Morikawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-018-2652-2","article-title":"The influence of mutational status and biological characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia on xenotransplantation outcomes in NOD SCID gamma mice","volume":"144","author":"Culen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.153528","article-title":"Long-term observation reveals high-frequency engraftment of human acute myeloid leukemia in immunodeficient mice","volume":"102","author":"Paczulla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2017.12.002","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukemia xenograft success prediction: Saving time","volume":"59","author":"Griessinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.02.031","article-title":"Challenges in pre-clinical testing of anti-cancer drugs in cell culture and in animal models","volume":"164","author":"Hogenesch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2015.19","article-title":"A robust and rapid xenograft model to assess efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents for human acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"5","author":"Saland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-10-464677","article-title":"AML cells are differentially sensitive to chemotherapy treatment in a human xenograft model","volume":"121","author":"Wunderlich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-16-0441","article-title":"Chemotherapy-resistant human acute myeloid leukemia cells are not enriched for leukemic stem cells but require oxidative metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Farge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20172139","article-title":"Modeling the human bone marrow niche in mice: From host bone marrow engraftment to bioengineering approaches","volume":"215","author":"Abarrategi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2010.0179","article-title":"Ectopic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Coated Scaffolds in NOD\/SCID Mice: An In Vivo Model of the Leukemia Niche","volume":"16","author":"Vaiselbuh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-05-719021","article-title":"Establishing human leukemia xenograft mouse models by implanting human bone marrow\u2013like scaffold-based niches","volume":"128","author":"Antonelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.90036","article-title":"AML-induced osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stromal cells supports leukemia growth","volume":"2","author":"Battula","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.11.018","article-title":"Human AML-iPSCs Reacquire Leukemic Properties after Differentiation and Model Clonal Variation of Disease","volume":"20","author":"Chao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.01.009","article-title":"Stage-Specific Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Map the Progression of Myeloid Transformation to Transplantable Leukemia","volume":"20","author":"Kotini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2951","article-title":"Generation of mouse models of myeloid malignancy with combinatorial genetic lesions using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing","volume":"32","author":"Heckl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2018.04.009","article-title":"Clonal expansion and myeloid leukemia progression modeled by multiplex gene editing of murine hematopoietic progenitor cells","volume":"64","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.07.015","article-title":"Multiplex CRISPR\/Cas9-Based Genome Editing in Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Models Clonal Hematopoiesis and Myeloid Neoplasia","volume":"21","author":"Tothova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2014.03.016","article-title":"MLL3 is a haploinsufficient 7q tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136644","article-title":"Use of genome engineering to create patient specific MLL translocations in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells","volume":"10","author":"Breese","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017013748","article-title":"MLL leukemia induction by t(9;11) chromosomal translocation in human hematopoietic stem cells using genome editing","volume":"2","author":"Schneidawind","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.164046","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9-induced t(11;19)\/MLL-ENL translocations initiate leukemia in human hematopoietic progenitor cells in vivo","volume":"102","author":"Reimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/2\/453\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:44Z","timestamp":1760185664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/2\/453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"references-count":161,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20020453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20020453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]}}}