{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T21:08:46Z","timestamp":1774559326046,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/18767-1 and 2016\/04085-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/18767-1 and 2016\/04085-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Maternal protein restriction causes sperm alterations in the offspring, most of which are associated with epididymal functions. Because fluid reabsorption\/secretion dynamics in the epididymal environment play important roles in the process of sperm maturation and concentration, we investigated the effects of maternal protein restriction on the expression of aquaporins (AQP1 and AQP9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFa), and its receptor VEGFr-2 in different stages of postnatal epididymal development. Methods: Pregnant rats were divided into groups that received normoprotein (17% protein) and low-protein diets (6% protein) during gestation and lactation. After weaning, male rats only received the standard diet and were euthanized at the predetermined ages of 21, 44 and 120 days. Results: Maternal protein restriction decreased AQP1 and AQP9 expression in the initial segment and caput epididymis compared to the increased expression of these proteins observed in the corpus and cauda at all ages. Although protein restriction reduced the microvasculature density (MVD) on postnatal day (PND) 21 and 44, the MVD was unaltered on PND 120. Conclusions: Maternal protein restriction changed the structure or function of the offspring\u2019s epididymis, specifically by affecting fluid dynamics and vasculogenesis in important stages of epididymis development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T03:52:32Z","timestamp":1548301952000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Maternal Protein Restriction Differentially Alters the Expression of AQP1, AQP9 and VEGFr-2 in the Epididymis of Rat Offspring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8713-0454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia Martins","family":"Cavariani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talita","family":"de Mello Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dhrielly Natalia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz Gustavo","family":"de Almeida Chuffa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia Fernanda","family":"Felipe Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wellerson Rodrigo","family":"Scarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel Fantin","family":"Domeniconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-970 Botucatu-SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2006.01.014","article-title":"Fetal programming: Causes and consequences as revealed by studies of dietary manipulation in rats\u2014A review","volume":"27","author":"McArdle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2014.02.001","article-title":"Maternal choline supplementation: A nutritional approach for improving offspring health?","volume":"25","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719107302324","article-title":"Fetal programming of cardiac function and disease","volume":"14","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2161","article-title":"Effects of a high-fat diet exposure in utero on the metabolic syndrome-like phenomenon in mouse offspring through epigenetic changes in adipocytokine gene expression","volume":"153","author":"Masuyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt133","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. 1992","volume":"42","author":"Hales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1071\/RD14455","article-title":"Do little embryos make big decisions? How maternal dietary protein restriction can permanently change an embryo\u2019s potential, affecting adult health","volume":"27","author":"Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godfrey, K.M., Costello, P.M., and Lillycrop, K.A. (2015). The developmental environment, epigenetic biomarkers and long-term health. J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis., 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1017\/S204017441500121X"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux053","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease: Current knowledge and potential mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Hoffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2003.12.001","article-title":"Increased leucine turnover in women during the third trimester of uncomplicated pregnancy","volume":"53","author":"Jolly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01800.x","article-title":"Experimental IUGR and later diabetes","volume":"261","author":"Ozanne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.013896","article-title":"The Potential Impact of Animal Science Research on Global Maternal and Child Nutrition and Health: A Landscape Review","volume":"8","author":"Odle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.078543","article-title":"A maternal low protein diet during pregnancy and lactation in the rat impairs male reproductive development","volume":"563","author":"Zambrano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-94","article-title":"In utero protein restriction causes growth delay and alters sperm parameters in adult male rats","volume":"9","author":"Toledo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174412000360","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction in pregnancy and\/or lactation affects seminiferous tubule organization in male rat offspring","volume":"3","author":"Millan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-014-9721-5","article-title":"Accelerated aging of reproductive capacity in male rat offspring of protein-restricted mothers is associated with increased testicular and sperm oxidative stress","volume":"36","author":"Vega","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00256565","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Epididymis","volume":"14","author":"Cosentino","year":"1986","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"81","article-title":"Epididymal cell types and their functions","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Robaire","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Epididymis: From Molecules to Clinical Pratice"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.05.011","article-title":"Post-testicular sperm environment and fertility","volume":"82\u201383","author":"Gatti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"415","article-title":"Aparelho Reprodutor Masculino","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Junqueira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Histologia B\u00e1sica"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0420","article-title":"New insights into epididymal function in relation to sperm maturation","volume":"147","author":"Dacheux","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml035","article-title":"Function of aquaporins in female and male reproductive systems","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.012831","article-title":"Thirsty business: Cell, region, and membrane specificity of aquaporins in the testis, efferent ducts, and epididymis and factors regulating their expression","volume":"32","author":"Hermo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13082","article-title":"Aquaporins in the male reproductive tract and sperm: Functional implications and cryobiology","volume":"52","author":"Yeste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4278","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460804","article-title":"Aquaporin water channels (Nobel Lecture)","volume":"43","author":"Agre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.06.026","article-title":"Segmental and cellular expression of aquaporins in the male excurrent duct","volume":"1758","author":"Pietrement","year":"2006","journal-title":"BBA-Biomembranes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0592-x","article-title":"Immunolocalization of aquaporins 1, 2 and 7 in rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis and vas deferens of adult dog","volume":"332","author":"Domeniconi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod27.4.771","article-title":"Effects of spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist) on electrolyte and water content of the cauda epididymidis and fertility of male rats","volume":"27","author":"Wong","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1983.tb00752.x","article-title":"The ability of the rat epididymis to concentrate spermatozoa. Responsiveness to aldosterone","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-118-5-2072","article-title":"High affinity (type 1) aldosterone-binding sites in rat epididymis","volume":"118","author":"Pearce","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1071\/RD9930601","article-title":"Epididymal Constituents and Related Substances in the Storage of Spermatozoa\u2014A Review","volume":"5","author":"Setchell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012515400-0\/50022-1","article-title":"Anatomy, vasculature, innervation, and fluids of the male reproductive tract","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Neill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knobil and Neill\u2019s Physiology of Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2597256","article-title":"Effects of Chronic Exposure to Sodium Arsenite on Expressions of VEGF and VEGFR2 Proteins in the Epididymis of Rats","volume":"2017","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod58.1.160","article-title":"Functional expression and localization of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in the human epididymis","volume":"58","author":"Ergun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a006502","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a006502","article-title":"Signal transduction by vascular endothelial growth factor receptors","volume":"2","author":"Koch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2016.10.001","article-title":"VEGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Key Regulators of Vascular Function","volume":"123","author":"Muhl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02243.x","article-title":"Expression and regulation of aquaporins 1, 8, and 9 in the testis, efferent ducts, and epididymis of adult rats and during postnatal development","volume":"23","author":"Badran","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20040078","article-title":"Aquaporin-1 and -9 are differentially regulated by oestrogen in the efferent ductule epithelium and initial segment of the epididymis","volume":"97","author":"Oliveira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.06.039","article-title":"Undernutrition during foetal to prepubertal life affects aquaporin 9 but not aquaporins 1 and 2 expression in the male genital tract of adult rats","volume":"74","author":"Arrighi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2011.11.001","article-title":"The expression of aquaporins 1 and 9 in adult rat epididymis is perturbed by chronic exposure to ethanol","volume":"44","author":"Teixeira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2008.951947","article-title":"Membrane domain specificity in the spatial distribution of aquaporins 5, 7, 9, and 11 in efferent ducts and epididymis of rats","volume":"56","author":"Hermo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.5.1344s","article-title":"Fetal nutrition and adult disease","volume":"71","author":"Godfrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2001000100008","article-title":"Morphometric and ultrastructural analysis of different pituitary cell populations in undernourished monkeys","volume":"34","author":"Console","year":"2001","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001735","article-title":"Maternal protein restriction in mice causes adverse metabolic and hypothalamic effects in the F1 and F2 generations","volume":"106","author":"Frantz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1010193","article-title":"Temporal relationship between androgen-dependent changes in the volume of seminiferous tubule fluid, lumen size and seminiferous tubule protein secretion in rats","volume":"101","author":"Sharpe","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014266","article-title":"Androgen action in the epididymis","volume":"32","author":"Robaire","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"E274","article-title":"Androgens in male rat reproductive tract fluids: Hypophysectomy and steroid replacement","volume":"248","author":"Turner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32834fb25b","article-title":"Extrarenal effects of aldosterone","volume":"21","author":"Jaisser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.10.009","article-title":"Aldosterone-induced protein kinase signalling and the control of electrolyte balance","volume":"133","author":"Harvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(00)01282-6","article-title":"Differential salt-sensitivity in the pathogenesis of renal damage in SHR and stroke prone SHR","volume":"14","author":"Griffin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.31.1.451","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid blockade reduces vascular injury in stroke-prone hypertensive rats","volume":"31","author":"Rocha","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320312456328","article-title":"Early changes of hypothalamic angiotensin II receptors expression in gestational protein-restricted offspring: Effect on water intake, blood pressure and renal sodium handling","volume":"14","author":"Scabora","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.129320","article-title":"Programming of hypertension: Associations of plasma aldosterone in adult men and women with birthweight, cortisol, and blood pressure","volume":"53","author":"Reynolds","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.04.014","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the enhancement of salt sensitivity caused by prenatal protein restriction in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"23","author":"Otani","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00575","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and aldosterone: Relevance to normal pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"61","author":"Khankin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2009.12.024","article-title":"Hyperaldosteronism is associated with a decrease in number and altered growth factor expression of endothelial progenitor cells in rats","volume":"149","author":"Ladage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.07.010","article-title":"Aldosterone increases VEGF-A production in human neutrophils through PI3K, ERK1\/2 and p38 pathways","volume":"1813","author":"Walczak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.115.225516","article-title":"The Impact of Spironolactone on the Severity of Portal-Systemic Collaterals and Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhotic Rats","volume":"355","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2011.12.014","article-title":"Aldosterone inhibits endothelial morphogenesis and angiogenesis through the downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 expression subsequent to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma","volume":"129","author":"Fujii","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"251","article-title":"The Development of the Epididymis","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Robaire","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Epididymis: From Molecules to Clinical Practice"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"491","article-title":"Critical windows of exposure for children\u2019s health: The reproductive system in animals and humans","volume":"108","author":"Pryor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1133","article-title":"Comparative Aspects of Pre- and Postnatal Development of the Male Reproductive System","volume":"110","author":"Picut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reckmann, A.N., Tomczyk, C.U.M., Davidoff, M.S., Michurina, T.V., Arnhold, S., Muller, D., Mietens, A., and Middendorff, R. (2018). Nestin in the epididymis is expressed in vascular wall cells and is regulated during postnatal development and in case of testosterone deficiency. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194585"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3505","article-title":"Immunolocalization of AQP9 in liver, epididymis, testis, spleen, and brain","volume":"276","author":"Elkjaer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.2.384","article-title":"Aquaporin 9 expression along the male reproductive tract","volume":"65","author":"Bagnis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod66.6.1716","article-title":"Expression of aquaporin 9 in the adult rat epididymal epithelium is modulated by androgens","volume":"66","author":"Sabolic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"131","article-title":"Necessity\u2019s Potion: Inorganic Ions and Small Organic Molecules in the Epididymal Lumen","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Robaire","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Epididymis: From Molecules to Clinical Practice"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091930209","article-title":"Short-term effects of androgen withdrawal on the structure of different epithelial cells in the rat epididymis","volume":"193","author":"Moore","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1994.sp003817","article-title":"Micropuncture and cannulation studies of fluid composition and transport in the ductuli efferentes testis of the rat: Comparisons with the homologous metanephric proximal tubule","volume":"79","author":"Clulow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2012.663233","article-title":"The contribution of proteomics to understanding epididymal maturation of mammalian spermatozoa","volume":"58","author":"Dacheux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092320206","article-title":"Epithelial cells of the epididymis show regional variations with respect to the secretion of endocytosis of immobilin as revealed by light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry","volume":"232","author":"Hermo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"181","article-title":"Expression of aquaporin 1 in two types of animal model of endolymphatic hydrops]","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1918","article-title":"Effect of aldosterone on aquaporin and ionophorous protein expressions in guinea pig cochlea","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. South. Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2864","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2004110944","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of impaired urinary concentrating ability in glucocorticoid-deficient rats","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2016.12.016","article-title":"Impairment of microvascular angiogenesis is associated with delay in prostatic development in rat offspring of maternal protein malnutrition","volume":"246","author":"Colombelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.30.1.23","article-title":"Practical stereological methods for morphometric cytology","volume":"30","author":"Weibel","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:27:59Z","timestamp":1760185679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/20\/3\/469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms20030469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20030469","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]}}}